DNA/RNA Flashcards
Mutation
Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence – trisonomy, triploidy, monosomy
nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate properly
trisomy
extra chrom.
triploidy
1 complete extra chromosome set
monosomy
lacking a single chromosome
Stages of mitosis
PMAT
P - prophase: Chromatin coils into visible chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. Centrioles move towards poles.
M - Metaphase: Chromosomes meet in the middle (equator). Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid at the centromere.
A - Anaphase: Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cells.
T - Telophase: Cytoplasm divides. Nuclear envelope appears. Chromosomes uncoil
processes of Protein Synthesis order
transcription, translation
transcription
DNA unzipped by helicase. transfer RNA (tRNA) brings a.a. for assembly into proteins. They do that by using the chart thingy.
translation
mRNA finds a ribosome, the codon on the mRNA looks for a complement or anticodon from the tRNA. the ribosome begins making protein when it finds a start codon. Amino acids join during this process. tRNA goes back into cytoplasm
what do proteins do
Carry oxygen
digest food
repair cell structure
Nucleosomes, histones, chromosomes, DNA molecule relationship
Nucleosome: a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones
Histone: it is a circular piece of protein that the DNA uses to super coil when it forms chromosomes
Chromosome: What DNA forms into during mitosis (X’s)
structure of a chromosome
V sister chromatid
O cenromere
A sister chromatid
types of RNA
mRNA: gets DNA info out of nucleus (looks like a strand)
tRNA: brings a.a. for assembly into proteins (looks like a squiggly cross)
rRNA: helps bond a.a. together (looks like a lot of tRNA)
