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Study Stuff > Biology midterm > Flashcards

Biology midterm Flashcards

0
Q

Down syndrome karyotype

A

Extra 21 chromosomes

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1
Q

Number of chromosomes in normal karyotyping

A

46

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2
Q

What is used to figure out what amino acid goes with each codon

A

Genetic code chart

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3
Q

Difference between point mutation and chromosomal mitation

A

Point: change in which one base pair in DNA sequence is altered
Chromosomal: bigger issues; deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

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4
Q

What’s produced during transcription

A

mRNA

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5
Q

What’s produced during translation

A

Amino acid chain; protein

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7
Q

DNA base pairs

A

A and t

C and g

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8
Q

genes contain instructions for assembling what

A

proteins

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9
Q

karyotypes show…

A

sex and chromosomal diseases/mutations

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10
Q

sex chromosomes of male

A

Xy

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11
Q

sex chromosomes of female

A

XX

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12
Q

What sex chromosomes does a father give to his child

A

X or y

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13
Q

What sex chromosomes does mom give to her kid

A

X

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14
Q

genotype

A

the assortment of chromosome lettering used to describe a trait (heterozygous, homozygous)

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15
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristic of a trait

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16
Q

If I am parent and I have blood type AA and other parent has BB, list possible blood types for offspring

A

AB (100%)

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17
Q

Where are most sex linked genes

A

X chromosome; why its so big

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18
Q

Why is colorblindness more common in males than females

A

sex linked

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19
Q

restriction enzymes and their jobs?

A

enzyme that cuts DNA when a palindrome occurs, dividing the DNA. There are hundreds of types of restriction enzymes and they are very precise. Works like lock and key (will only cut DNA sequence if it matches)

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20
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting and what is it based on

A

analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals; gel electrophoresis

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21
Q

gel electrophoresis and what can it be used to determine

A

a process to determine DNA length and can be applied in real life for crime scene

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22
Q

similarities and differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double helix while RNA is only a single strand. DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose. Finally, instead of Thymine, RNA has Uracil.

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23
Q

difference between dominant and recessive allele

A

if present, dominant shows up no matter what. R only shows up when both alleles are recessive

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24
Q

codimance

A

both alleles are dominant and both show up

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25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

one trait is not completely dominant over the other

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26
Q

polygenic traits

A

phenotype influence by more than one gene

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27
Q

haploid

A

half of original number of sets

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28
Q

diploid

A

two sets

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29
Q

selective breeding and production

A

when you breed organisms with specific traits

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30
Q

pedigree and what’s it used for

A

family tree type thing- shows year of birth, name, sex, and can trace diseases

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31
Q

homozygous dominant

A

HH

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32
Q

homozygous recessive

A

hh

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33
Q

heterozygous

A

Hh

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34
Q

monohybrid cross

A

__

|+|

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35
Q

dihybrid cross

A

___
|++|
—–
|++|

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36
Q

what place influenced Darwin the most

A

Galapagos

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37
Q

What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos

A

evolution evidence (tortoises with long and short necks, finches with different sized beaks, etc)

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38
Q

Giant Land Tortoise trait noticed by Darwin

A

their necks

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39
Q

Finch trait noticed by Darwin

A

their beaks

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40
Q

what is natural selection

A

survival of the fittest - when only those that are adapted survive

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41
Q

What is survival of the fittest

A

when only those adapted to the environment survive (evolved the most)

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42
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

something you get from genes that you don’t just acquire… evolution

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43
Q

Darwin’s book

A

On the Origin of Species

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44
Q

difference between natural selection and artificial selection

A

nature survival of the fittest vs. being breed

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45
Q

3 word definition for evolution

A

change over time

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46
Q

gene pool

A

the gene oppurtunities of something (norway and china have limited gene pools; blonde and blue eyes vs. asianness)

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47
Q

2 main sources of genetic variation

A

sex and mutation

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48
Q

phenotype of heterozygous dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

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49
Q

advantage of polygenic trait over single gene trait

A

variation is greater w/poygenic; if one gene disappears, then there are still a multitude of possibilities

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50
Q

common names vs scientific ones

A

common names in any language and are specific to a region; scientific names in Latin and spoken all over the world

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51
Q

why did scientists come up with scientific names

A

to make talking to others of different world regions easier

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52
Q

another name for gene shuffling

A

crossing over

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53
Q

another name for crossing over

A

gene shuffling

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54
Q

how to write scientific names

A

Genus, species (italicized)

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55
Q

first word of scientific name

A

Genus

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56
Q

second word of scientific name

A

species

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57
Q

what do fossils show

A

previous earth inhabitants; how evolution has occured when you compare it with living organisms

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58
Q

homologous structures

A

same structure, different function

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59
Q

analogous structures

A

same function, different struccture

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60
Q

vestigial structures

A

useless structures like appendix

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61
Q

3 types of natural selection

A

disruptive, directional, and stabalizing

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62
Q

disruptive natural selection

A

a type of selection that simultaneously favors individuals with a trait that is found at one exteme of the pop. ;; when individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

__ __ __
/ \/ \/ \
/ /\ /\ \

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63
Q

directional natural selection

A

a type of selection that favors a single phenotype and therefore the allele frequency continuously increases; when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or other end

_ _
/ X \
/ / \ \

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64
Q

stabalizing natural selection

A 
a type of selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the pop size stabalizes on a particular trait value; when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve
       _ 
       | |
  _  /  \_
 /   /    \  \
/   /      \  \
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65
Q

a hypothesis is only useful if it can be ____

A

tested

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66
Q

how many variables are tested in an experiment

A

1

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67
Q

what kingdoms contain organisms with cell wlals

A

plantae, fungi, bacteria (both kind)

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68
Q

why does diffusion occur

A

random movement of molecules - move until dynamic equilibrium is reached

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69
Q

what is homeostasis

A

where your body is working perfect and properly (equilibrium)

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70
Q

what is metabolism

A

rate at which calories are burned

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71
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

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72
Q

main function of proteins

A

build muscle

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73
Q

monomers of lipids

A

glycerol monoglyceride

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74
Q

main function of lipids

A

store energy

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75
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

simple sugars

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76
Q

main function of carbohydrates

A

provide energy

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77
Q

levels of organization

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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78
Q

what is ATP made of

A

adenosine triphosphate

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79
Q

draw and label an ATP molecule

A

look at ___ for reference

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80
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6H2O + 6CO2 –> 6O2 + C6H12O6

81
Q

cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

82
Q

what are pigments

A

something that colors something

83
Q

main plant pigment

A

chlorphyll

84
Q

2 main cell categories

A

prokaryotic/eukaryotic

85
Q

what are the 2 main cell categories based on

A

nucleus are not

86
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water from a low concentration solution to high concentration solution across a semi-permeable membrane

pure water to dilute/more concentrated solutions with low concentration of water molecules

87
Q

look at pictures and label animal cell

A

…

88
Q

look at pictures and label plant cell

A

…

89
Q

in DNA, what determines the traits of an organism

A

genes/chromosomes

90
Q

components of the DNA molecule

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

91
Q

draw a nucleotide

A

…

92
Q

robert hooke

A

discovered cells

93
Q

leeuwenoek

A

microscope

94
Q

schleiden and schwann

A

cell theory

95
Q

virchow

A

with schleidon and schwann

96
Q

how many ATP molecules get made in glycolysis

A

2

97
Q

how many total ATP molecules are created during cellular respiration when oxygen is present

A

36

98
Q

why do plants appear green

A

reflect green light

99
Q

what organelle does photosynthesis take place

A

chlorplast

100
Q

what organelle does cellular respiration take place

A

mitochondrion/cytoplasm

101
Q

difference between aerobic and anaerobic

A

O2 vs none

102
Q

muscle burning caused by

A

lactic acid fermentation

103
Q

difference in products of mitosis and meiosis

A

exact copies vs. gamete haploids (not exact)

104
Q

codon

A

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

105
Q

anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

106
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

107
Q

draw mRNA

A

…

108
Q

draw rRNA

A

…

109
Q

draw mRNA

A

…

110
Q

what is crossing over and what does it look like

A

when some of the chromosome DNA crosses over and gets on to each other XX

111
Q

steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

112
Q

parts of a chromosome

A

V sister chromosome (homologous chromosome)
O chromatid
A

113
Q

polymer

A

multiple monomers

114
Q

monomer

A

simplest form

115
Q

role of centrioles in mitosis/meiosis

A

cell organelle that duplicates during the process. It attaches spindle fibers to and divides homologous chromosomes

116
Q

spindle fiber role in mitosis/meiosis

A

split the homologous chromosomes

117
Q

process of DNA replication

A

DNA unzipped by helacase and hydrogen bonds are broken. Twin strands are created for the old strands. There are now 2 new strands and 2 old strands. This process is checked by DNA polymerase

118
Q

what is produced during DNA replication

A

2 more strands of DNA off of the old one

119
Q

What has to separate during DNA replication

A

each strand (Hydrogen bond broken)

120
Q

why must cells divide

A

to grow or fix wounds or replace dying cells

121
Q

autotroph

A

makes own food

122
Q

heterotroph

A

does not make own food

123
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made of cells
  2. cells are the basic units of life
  3. cells come from other cells
124
Q

example of prokaryote

A

bacteria

125
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

animals and plants

126
Q

hypotonic

A

A hypotonic solution contains less solute (thus, more water) than the cytoplasm of the cells.

127
Q

hypertonic

A

A hypertonic solution is a solution that contains more (hyper) solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.

128
Q

name a food carbohydrates are found in

A

potato/bread

129
Q

name a food protein is found in

A

chicken

130
Q

name a food nucleic acid is found in

A

most foods that were once living

131
Q

name a food that contains lipids

A

milk

132
Q

what is an electron microscope and what’s its use

A

microscope used to view electrons

133
Q

what is a compound microscope and what’s its use

A

a microscope that uses light to take a closer look at things visible to the naked ete

134
Q

what is a TEM and what’s its use

A

a microscope that runs on electrons “TEMs use electrons as “light source” and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.”

135
Q

organelles in plants, but not in animals

A

cell wall, chloroplast, plastids

136
Q

organelles in animals, but not in plants

A

a: lysosomes, centrioles

137
Q

draw and label a cell membrane

A

… binder

138
Q

2 types of transport in cells

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports materials from the nucleus to ribosomes and vice versa.

The golgi apparatus packages/sends proteins.

139
Q

How does a tremendous burst of energy occur in ATP

A

When the third phosphate group is broken

140
Q

What happens to ATP when the third phosphate group is broken

A

Burst of energy/becomes adp

141
Q

Compare adp to ATP

A

ATP: 3 phosphates, fully charged battery
Adp: 2 phosphates, halfway charged battery

142
Q

Draw the ATP cycle

A

Answer in pictures

143
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chlorophyll containing organelle

144
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that traps light energy

145
Q

Thylakoid

A

Little plate where chlorophyll resides

146
Q

Grana

A

Stack of thylakoids; looks like a stack of plates

147
Q

Stroma

A

Gel like substance between grana

148
Q

Draw and Label a chloroplast

A

In pictures

149
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

150
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur

A

Thylakoid membrane

151
Q

Draw and label the process of photosynthesis

A

Pictures

152
Q

Photosystems

A

Light collecting units of the chloroplast

153
Q

Another word for light independent reactions

A

Calvin cycle

154
Q

Electron carriers

A

Nadp+

155
Q

Formation of nadph

A

Nadp+ + 2e- + h+

156
Q

What reaction do photo systems occur in

A

Light dependent

157
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

158
Q

Why does photo system II come before photosystem I

A

That first photosystem is called photosystem II because it was discovered after photosystem I.

159
Q

Describe light dependent reaction

A

ATP synthesis - H+ diffuses back across the membrane thru a protein: ATP synthase. The energy released from the flow of H+ converts ADP to ATP

160
Q

Light independent reaction

A

Calvin Cycle - making carbohydrates from CO2
takes place in the stroma
one glucose molecule is made for every six CO2 molecules that enter the cycle

161
Q

ATP synthase

A

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

162
Q

3 parts of cellular respiration

A
  • Glycolysis – starting product is glucose
  • makes 2 ATP; occurs in cytoplasm
  • Krebs Cycle – pyruvate is starting product
  • Electron transport chain – 34 ATPS
163
Q

Draw cellular respiration diagram

A

Pictures

164
Q

Types of respiration

A

Aerobic (oxygen present) vs. anaerobic (no oxygen.. Lactic acid fermentation)

165
Q

4 people credited for DNA discovery

A

Watson, crick, franklin, Wilkins

166
Q

Purines

A

A and g

167
Q

Purimidines

A

C and t

168
Q

Draw and label a nucleotide

A

…

169
Q

About how long is a cell in interphase? Mitosis?

A

21… 1

170
Q

What happens during interphase

A

G1 (cell grows)
S (centrioles and chromosomes are replicated)
G2 (double checked)

171
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
nuclear envelope disappears
centrioles move towards poles

172
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes meet in the middle (equator)

spindle fibers attach to each chromatid at the centromere

173
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split & sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cells (poles)

174
Q

Telophase

A

Cytoplasm divides
nuclear envelope appears
chromosomes uncoil

175
Q

mRNA function

A

Most genes contain instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. The RNA molecules that carry copies of these instructions are known as messenger RNA

176
Q

rRNA

A

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are made up of several dozen proteins, as well as a form of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

177
Q

tRNA

A

During the construction of a protein, a tRNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA.

178
Q

Process of transcription

A

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
DNA makes mRNA to get info out of nucleus
Some DNA makes rRNA
tRNA brings amino acids for assembly into proteins

179
Q

Process of translation

A

mRNA finds a ribosome
The codon on the mRNA looks for an anticodon from tRNA
Ribosome begins making protein when it finds a start codon
Amino acids join
tRNA goes back into cytoplasm

180
Q

How many amino acids

A

20

181
Q

How many amino acids made by humans

A

10

182
Q

Where do humans get other ten amino acids

A

Food

183
Q

Where are proteins synthesized

A

Ribosome

184
Q

Heredity

A

Passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring

185
Q

Genetics

A

Branch of biology that studies heredity

186
Q

Traits

A

Characteristics that are inherited

187
Q

Mendel

A

Monk from last century that figured out methods of inheritance

188
Q

P1, f1, f2

A 
Parent generation
First filial (offspring)
Second filial (offspring)
189
Q

Zygote

A

cell resulting from union of egg & sperm

190
Q

Darwin’s ship

A

Hms beagle

191
Q

Who demonstrated that the earth was many millions of years old

A

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

192
Q

Besides Darwin, who also proposed species change over time.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

193
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification of living things

194
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

2 names

195
Q

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

196
Q

Common name

A

Name given by people of an area

197
Q

Linnaeus’s system of classification

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

198
Q

Kingdoms

A

Plantae, animalia, fungi, eubacteria, archaebacteria, protist

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