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Study Stuff > Body Systems A > Flashcards

Body Systems A Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of body tissues

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

epithelium tissue

A

covers body

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3
Q

connective tissues

A

fibrous; usually made of collagen and elastic protein fibers; connects cell layers

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4
Q

muscle tissues

A

in skin, associated with hairs and response

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5
Q

nerve tissues

A

detection

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6
Q

muscle types

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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7
Q

skeletal muscle

A 
long, striated cells with multiple nuclei
in skeletal muscles
function contraction for voluntary movements
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8
Q

smooth muscle

A

long, spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
in hollow organs (eg stomach)
function: propulsion of substances along internal passageways

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9
Q

cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated cells fused at plasma membranes
wall of heart
function: pumping of blood in the circulatory system

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10
Q

draw a neuron

A

…

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11
Q

structure of epidermis

A

outer, thinner portion of skin composed of both dead and living cells; top layer consists of 25-30 layers of flattened cells that are continually shed
contains: keratin and melanin

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12
Q

keratin

A

protein in the layer of dead cells that helps waterproof and protect the living cells beneath

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13
Q

melanin

A

pigment that protects cells from damage from solar radiation

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14
Q

dermis

A

inner, thicker portion of skin; thickness depends on body part it covers; 3-4 mm thick on palms and soles to .5 mm on surface of the eye

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15
Q

contents of the Dermis

A

blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, subcutaneous layer (fat deposits lie underneath the dermis), hair follicles (narrow cavities in the dermis that hair grows out of

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16
Q

draw and label skin

A

…

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17
Q

functions of skin

A

regulates body temp - capillaries dilate, blood flow increases, and body heat is lost by radiation works in reverse when cold; evaporation due to sweat

serves as protective layer and sense organ

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18
Q

skin injury and restoration of homeostasis

A

when skin is injured into the dermis, the first reaction of the body is to restore the continuity of the skin

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19
Q

1st degree burn

A

characterized by redness and mild pain and involve the death of epidermal cells

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20
Q

2nd degree

A

involve damage to skin cells of the dermis and can result in blistering and scarring

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21
Q

3rd degree burns

A

most severe; destroy the epidermis and dermis; skin function is lost, re-growth of the skin is slow with much scarring; skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin

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22
Q

what happens if you get 3rd degree burn over 60% of your body

A

6 month hospital stay at cost of $1,000,000+
usually use cadaver skin as grafts
growing your own skin can get you out of hospital in about 45 days

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23
Q

changes due to aging

A

wrinkles appear due to elasticity loss

less oil produced resulting in dry skin

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24
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

basal, squamous, and melanoma

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25
Q

most deadly skin cancer

A

melanoma

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26
Q

what causes skin cancer

A

interruption of DNA replication; UV radiation causes thymine-thymine dimers; repair enzyme is not effective; no apoptosis

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27
Q

how many bones do adult humans have

A

206

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28
Q

do adults have more or less bones than children

A

less

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29
Q

2 main parts of skeleton

A

axial and appendiculr

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30
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull and bones that support it; vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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31
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the arms and legs and structures associated with them such as pectoral and pelvic girdles

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32
Q

joint

A

where two or more bones meet

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33
Q

types of joints

A

ball and socket, hinge, gliding, pivot, fixed

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34
Q

example of ball and socket

A

hip, shoulder

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35
Q

example of hinge

A

elbow (like a door hinge)

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36
Q

example of gliding

A

wrist (slides like in skating)

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37
Q

example of fixed

A

skull

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38
Q

example of pivot

A

neck (rotates around a spot)

39
Q

joint structures

A

ligament, cartilage, bursa, tendons

40
Q

ligament

A

tough band of connective tissues that connects bones to bones

41
Q

cartilage

A

allows for smooth movement between bones

42
Q

bursa

A

fluid filled sacs that cushion and absorb shock and keeps bones from rubbing against each other

43
Q

tendons

A

thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

44
Q

sprain

A

forcible twisting of a joint; can result in injury to the bursa, ligaments, and tendons

45
Q

arthritis

A

common joint disease; inflammation results from infection, aging, or injury; can result in bone spurs; painful

46
Q

osteoblasts

A

potential bone cells (no lysosomes)

47
Q

osteoclasts

A

cleaner/repair

48
Q

how often do you get a new skeleton

A

7-10 years

49
Q

bone growth

A

bones grow in length and diameter; length - occurs at ends of bones in growth plates; diameter - occurs on the outer surface of the bone; hormones in teen years cause osteoblasts to divide more rapidly, resulting in a growth spurt

50
Q

bone tissue types

A

compact and spongy

51
Q

compact tissue

A

layer of hard bone covered by a nerve and blood vessel filled membrane that supplies nutrients and oxygen to bone cells

52
Q

spongy tissue

A

filled with many holes and spaces like those seen in a sponge

53
Q

marrow

A

soft tissue which fills the center cavity of a bone

54
Q

red marrow

A

found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebra, and pelvis;; produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and cell fragments involved in blood clotting

55
Q

yellow marrow

A

found in many other bones, stores fats and aids in producing red blood cells when there is a massive blood loss due to severe injury

56
Q

draw bone and label marrow

A

…

57
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

provides support for body, movement, producing blood cells and minerals

58
Q

what process supplies the energy needed by muscles

A

cellular respiration

59
Q

sliding filament theory

A

skeletal muscles are bundles of muscle fiber. this fiber consists of myofibrils - tiny cylinder shaped structures. Myofibrils contain filaments (proteins). The thick filaments are made of myosin and the thin filaments are made of actin. Each section of a myofibril is called a sarcomere.

60
Q

blood vessels

A

a single layer of epithelial cells forms capillary walls
arteries and veins have smooth muscle and connective tissue
valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood

61
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

artery, capillary, and vein

62
Q

draw and label the three types of blood vessels

A

…

63
Q

draw and label a heart

A

…

64
Q

where is the site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

65
Q

draw and label lung parts

A

…

66
Q

diastole

A

(lub) blood flows from the veins and into the heart chambers

67
Q

systole

A

(dub) atria briefly contracts and fills the ventricles with blood
then the ventricles contract and propel blood out

68
Q

what is a heart attack

A

damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the heart is blocked

69
Q

where is pressure in the circulatory system highest?

A

arteries

70
Q

3 factors that keep blood moving back to the heart

A

muscle contractions
breathing
one way valves

71
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120 over 80

72
Q

types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

73
Q

how do enzymes speed up reactions

A

lower activation energy

74
Q

why do enzymes have different shapes?

A

an enzyme’s shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids in its structure, and the bonds which form between the atoms of those molecules. Different types of enzymes have different shapes and functions because the order and type of amino acids in their structure is different

75
Q

substrate

A

reactant

76
Q

active site

A

part of the enzyme to which the reactant binds

77
Q

key and lock enzyme

A

key is substrate and lock is enzyme

substrate fits into enzyme’s active site

78
Q

factors that affect the rate of a reaction include

A

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, susbstrate concentration, surface area, pressure

79
Q

optimum

A

the particular temperature and pH an enzyme works best at

80
Q

do different enzymes have different optimum temperatures and pH values?

A

yes

81
Q

what is a denatured enzyme

A

an enzyme that has gone through irreversible changes because the temp and pH has changed sufficiently beyond the enzyme’s optimum

82
Q

parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

83
Q

nervous system function

A

send and receive commands to and and from body

84
Q

parts of brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus

85
Q

cerebrum

A

The cerebrum is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body. It is the site of intelligence, learning, and judgment.

86
Q

cerebellum

A

the cerebellum coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently.

87
Q

thalamus

A

The thalamus receives messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing.

88
Q

hypothalamus

A

the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature.

89
Q

draw and label brain

A

…

90
Q

digestive system

A
  • First, the digestive system breaks food down into useful nutrients, a process called digestion.
  • Next, the nutrients move into the bloodstream, a process called absorption.
  • Finally, the leftover waste is removed from the body, a process called elimination.
91
Q

parts of the digestive system

A

The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures, including the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive system.

92
Q

small intestine

A

This organ produces enzymes that break down nutrients

93
Q

large intestine

A

This organ absorbs water and vitamin K from digested food.

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