Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Study Stuff > Body Systems A > Flashcards

Body Systems A Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

4 types of body tissues

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epithelium tissue

A

covers body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

connective tissues

A

fibrous; usually made of collagen and elastic protein fibers; connects cell layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

muscle tissues

A

in skin, associated with hairs and response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nerve tissues

A

detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

muscle types

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

skeletal muscle

A 
long, striated cells with multiple nuclei
in skeletal muscles
function contraction for voluntary movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

smooth muscle

A

long, spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
in hollow organs (eg stomach)
function: propulsion of substances along internal passageways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated cells fused at plasma membranes
wall of heart
function: pumping of blood in the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

draw a neuron

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

structure of epidermis

A

outer, thinner portion of skin composed of both dead and living cells; top layer consists of 25-30 layers of flattened cells that are continually shed
contains: keratin and melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

keratin

A

protein in the layer of dead cells that helps waterproof and protect the living cells beneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

melanin

A

pigment that protects cells from damage from solar radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dermis

A

inner, thicker portion of skin; thickness depends on body part it covers; 3-4 mm thick on palms and soles to .5 mm on surface of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

contents of the Dermis

A

blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, subcutaneous layer (fat deposits lie underneath the dermis), hair follicles (narrow cavities in the dermis that hair grows out of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

draw and label skin

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of skin

A

regulates body temp - capillaries dilate, blood flow increases, and body heat is lost by radiation works in reverse when cold; evaporation due to sweat

serves as protective layer and sense organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

skin injury and restoration of homeostasis

A

when skin is injured into the dermis, the first reaction of the body is to restore the continuity of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1st degree burn

A

characterized by redness and mild pain and involve the death of epidermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2nd degree

A

involve damage to skin cells of the dermis and can result in blistering and scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3rd degree burns

A

most severe; destroy the epidermis and dermis; skin function is lost, re-growth of the skin is slow with much scarring; skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens if you get 3rd degree burn over 60% of your body

A

6 month hospital stay at cost of $1,000,000+
usually use cadaver skin as grafts
growing your own skin can get you out of hospital in about 45 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

changes due to aging

A

wrinkles appear due to elasticity loss

less oil produced resulting in dry skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

basal, squamous, and melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
most deadly skin cancer
melanoma
26
what causes skin cancer
interruption of DNA replication; UV radiation causes thymine-thymine dimers; repair enzyme is not effective; no apoptosis
27
how many bones do adult humans have
206
28
do adults have more or less bones than children
less
29
2 main parts of skeleton
axial and appendiculr
30
axial skeleton
skull and bones that support it; vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
31
appendicular skeleton
bones of the arms and legs and structures associated with them such as pectoral and pelvic girdles
32
joint
where two or more bones meet
33
types of joints
ball and socket, hinge, gliding, pivot, fixed
34
example of ball and socket
hip, shoulder
35
example of hinge
elbow (like a door hinge)
36
example of gliding
wrist (slides like in skating)
37
example of fixed
skull
38
example of pivot
neck (rotates around a spot)
39
joint structures
ligament, cartilage, bursa, tendons
40
ligament
tough band of connective tissues that connects bones to bones
41
cartilage
allows for smooth movement between bones
42
bursa
fluid filled sacs that cushion and absorb shock and keeps bones from rubbing against each other
43
tendons
thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
44
sprain
forcible twisting of a joint; can result in injury to the bursa, ligaments, and tendons
45
arthritis
common joint disease; inflammation results from infection, aging, or injury; can result in bone spurs; painful
46
osteoblasts
potential bone cells (no lysosomes)
47
osteoclasts
cleaner/repair
48
how often do you get a new skeleton
7-10 years
49
bone growth
bones grow in length and diameter; length - occurs at ends of bones in growth plates; diameter - occurs on the outer surface of the bone; hormones in teen years cause osteoblasts to divide more rapidly, resulting in a growth spurt
50
bone tissue types
compact and spongy
51
compact tissue
layer of hard bone covered by a nerve and blood vessel filled membrane that supplies nutrients and oxygen to bone cells
52
spongy tissue
filled with many holes and spaces like those seen in a sponge
53
marrow
soft tissue which fills the center cavity of a bone
54
red marrow
found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebra, and pelvis;; produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and cell fragments involved in blood clotting
55
yellow marrow
found in many other bones, stores fats and aids in producing red blood cells when there is a massive blood loss due to severe injury
56
draw bone and label marrow
...
57
functions of skeletal system
provides support for body, movement, producing blood cells and minerals
58
what process supplies the energy needed by muscles
cellular respiration
59
sliding filament theory
skeletal muscles are bundles of muscle fiber. this fiber consists of myofibrils - tiny cylinder shaped structures. Myofibrils contain filaments (proteins). The thick filaments are made of myosin and the thin filaments are made of actin. Each section of a myofibril is called a sarcomere.
60
blood vessels
a single layer of epithelial cells forms capillary walls arteries and veins have smooth muscle and connective tissue valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood
61
3 types of blood vessels
artery, capillary, and vein
62
draw and label the three types of blood vessels
...
63
draw and label a heart
...
64
where is the site of gas exchange
alveoli
65
draw and label lung parts
...
66
diastole
(lub) blood flows from the veins and into the heart chambers
67
systole
(dub) atria briefly contracts and fills the ventricles with blood then the ventricles contract and propel blood out
68
what is a heart attack
damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the heart is blocked
69
where is pressure in the circulatory system highest?
arteries
70
3 factors that keep blood moving back to the heart
muscle contractions breathing one way valves
71
normal blood pressure
120 over 80
72
types of white blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
73
how do enzymes speed up reactions
lower activation energy
74
why do enzymes have different shapes?
an enzyme's shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids in its structure, and the bonds which form between the atoms of those molecules. Different types of enzymes have different shapes and functions because the order and type of amino acids in their structure is different
75
substrate
reactant
76
active site
part of the enzyme to which the reactant binds
77
key and lock enzyme
key is substrate and lock is enzyme | substrate fits into enzyme's active site
78
factors that affect the rate of a reaction include
temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, susbstrate concentration, surface area, pressure
79
optimum
the particular temperature and pH an enzyme works best at
80
do different enzymes have different optimum temperatures and pH values?
yes
81
what is a denatured enzyme
an enzyme that has gone through irreversible changes because the temp and pH has changed sufficiently beyond the enzyme's optimum
82
parts of the nervous system
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
83
nervous system function
send and receive commands to and and from body
84
parts of brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus
85
cerebrum
The cerebrum is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body. It is the site of intelligence, learning, and judgment.
86
cerebellum
the cerebellum coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently.
87
thalamus
The thalamus receives messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing.
88
hypothalamus
the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature.
89
draw and label brain
...
90
digestive system
* First, the digestive system breaks food down into useful nutrients, a process called digestion. * Next, the nutrients move into the bloodstream, a process called absorption. * Finally, the leftover waste is removed from the body, a process called elimination.
91
parts of the digestive system
The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures, including the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive system.
92
small intestine
This organ produces enzymes that break down nutrients
93
large intestine
This organ absorbs water and vitamin K from digested food.

Study Stuff (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions