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Biology Final Flashcards

1
Q

define protist

A

any eukaryote that’s not a plant, animal, or fungus

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2
Q

common protists and diseases

A

plasmodium - malaria
trypoanosoma - african sleeping sickness
entamoeba - ameoba dysentary
giardia - digestive system problems

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3
Q

how are protists classified

A

by the way they obtain nutrition - heterotrophs, autotrophs, decomposers, parasites

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4
Q

plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll and accessory pigments

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5
Q

how do funguslike protists get their energy

A

absorb nutrients from dead/decaying matter

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6
Q

how are animallike protists classified

A

movement

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7
Q

define fungus

A

eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls

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8
Q

fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms

A

bacteria

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9
Q

how do most fungus feed and what are other ways

A

all are heterotrophs. many are saprobes, organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. Others are parasites. Some capture live animals

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10
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

both asexually and sexually

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11
Q

Define hyphae

A

tiny filaments that make up a multicellular fungus or a water mold

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12
Q

define mycelium

A

many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the bodies of multicellular fungi

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13
Q

define stolon

A

in fungi, a stemlike hypha that runs along the surface of an object

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14
Q

define rhizoid

A

a rootlike hypha that penetrates the surface of an object; in mosses

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15
Q

what are lichens and what environment do they live in

A

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism… in nearly any environment - dry deserts or on the top of mountains

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16
Q

what’s the most important role of fungi in our environment

A

breaking down decaying matter

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17
Q

when yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow bread to rise?

A

co2

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18
Q

common fungi and diseases

A

corn smut destroys corn, mildew infects fruits, wheat rust infects wheat plants, athlete’s foot, candid albicans causes yeast infections, cordyceps infects grasshoppers in rain forests in Costa Rica

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19
Q

fungi cell walls are made of

A

chitin, a carbohydrate also found in insect exoskeletons

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20
Q

define plant

A

multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b

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21
Q

major stem function

A

support system, transport system, defense system

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22
Q

main function of a cuticle

A

protects cell surfaces against water loss and injury

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23
Q

main function of epidermis

A

covers the outside of the plant

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24
Q

main function of mesophyll

A

performs most of plant’s photosynthesis

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25
Q

main function of xylem

A

transport water

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26
Q

main function of phloem

A

transport nutrients

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27
Q

main function of guard cell

A

control gas exchange

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28
Q

main function of stomata

A

allows gas exchange

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29
Q

what are the differences between monocot and dicot

A

Seeds: monocots have single cotyledon. Dicots have 2.

leaves: monocots have parallel veins. dicots have branched veins.
flowers: monoctor often have floral parts in multiples of 3. Dicots in 4-5
stems: monocots have vascular bundles scattered throughout stem. Dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a ring
roots: monocots have fibrous roots. Dicots have taproots

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30
Q

what does a seed contain

A

a seed coat around stored food supply that surrounds an embryo

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31
Q

what are the major functions of leaves

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

what are the 3 tropisms and what causes them to occur

A

Gravitropism is a response to gravity
phototropism is a response to light
thigmotropism is a response to touch

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33
Q

function of flower petal

A

attract insects and other pollinators

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34
Q

function of carpel

A

aka pistils produce female gametophytes

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35
Q

function of stigma

A

a sticky top of the style that pollen grains frequently land

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36
Q

function of style

A

holds the stigma

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37
Q

function of ovary

A

contains one or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced

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38
Q

function of stamen

A

contains the anther and filament

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39
Q

function of filament

A

long, then stalk that supports an anther

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40
Q

function of anther

A

where meiosis takes place producing haploid gametophytes

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41
Q

function of sepal

A

enclose the bud before it opens and protect the developing flower

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42
Q

what ways can seeds be dispersed

A

animals, wind, and water

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43
Q

how does fruit help with seed dispersal

A

animals eat fruit and get rid of the seed inside one way or another

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44
Q

the term vascular tissue refers to what

A

xylem and phloem

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45
Q

Moving to land required plants to develop what types of adaptations?

A

conservation of water

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46
Q

what are plant cell walls composed of

A

cellulose

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47
Q

what is fruit

A

a wall of tissue surrounding an angiosperm seed

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48
Q

define animal

A

members of the kingdom animalia that are multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls

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49
Q

What does cephalization refer to, and in what types of symmetry would it be found?

A

the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body… bilateral

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50
Q

What is the difference between and open/closed circulatory system?

A

closed - blood is contained within a network of blood vessels
open - blood is pumped through vessels by a simple heart. Blood eventually leaves the vessels and enters sinuses

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51
Q

Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?

A

no

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of symmetry? Know examples of animals that exhibit each type.

A

radial - sea anemone, starfish
bilateral - people, crayfish, dragonfly
nonsymmetrical - sponge

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53
Q

What is the difference between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton?

A

support system on ouside vs. on the inside

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54
Q

What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate?

A

contain a vertebral chord or not

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55
Q

The Chordate phylum is very special because it requires what 4 characteristics?

A

dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal puches, and a tail that extends beyond the anus

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56
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues in the human body?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

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57
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body starting with cells -> organism

A

cells –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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58
Q

What is homeostasis and know 2 examples?

A

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable environment… sweating and shivering

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59
Q

What is the major function of the lymphatic system

A

helps protect body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system

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60
Q

What is the major function of the nervous system

A

recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment

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61
Q

What is the major function of the excretory system

A

eliminate waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis

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62
Q

What is the major function of the reproductive system

A

produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

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63
Q

What is the major function of the respiratory system

A

provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

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64
Q

What is the major function of the skeletal system

A

supports body; protects organs; allows movement; stores minerals; provides a site for blood cell formation

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65
Q

What is the major function of the muscular system

A

works with skeletal system to produce volunatry movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

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66
Q

What is the major function of the endocrine system

A

controls growth development and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

67
Q

What is the major function of the intregumentary system

A

serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temp; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

68
Q

What is the major function of the circulatory system

A

brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temp

69
Q

What are the major structures of the lymphatic system

A

white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels

70
Q

What are the major structures of the nervous system

A

brain spinal cord, peripheral nerves

71
Q

What are the major structures of the excretory system

A

skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

72
Q

What are the major structures of the reproductive system

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

73
Q

What are the major structures of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

74
Q

What are the major structures of the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

75
Q

What are the major structures of the muscular system

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

76
Q

What are the major structures of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes

77
Q

What are the major structures of the intregumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands

78
Q

What are the major structures of the circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

79
Q

Sweating, urination, and respiration are all related because they all allow the body to rid itself of what excess?

A

water

80
Q

Know the monomers and functions of proteins

A

amino acids… control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease

81
Q

Know the monomers and functions of carbohydrates

A

sugar… main source of energy, structure

82
Q

Know the monomers and functions of nucleic acid

A

nucleotides… store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information (DNA and RNA)

83
Q

Know the monomers and functions of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids… store energy, biological membranes, waterproof coverings

84
Q

What macromolecule is our main source of energy?

A

carbohydrates

85
Q

Who is the father of evolution?

A

charles darwin

86
Q

What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?

A

Galapagos

87
Q

What were the main ideas the Darwin proposed?

A

evolution, natural selection

88
Q

What was Darwin’s work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?

A

On the Origin of Species… his work challenged fundamental scientific beliefs of his day

89
Q

What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?

A

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

90
Q

What does the term “natural selection” mean?

A

natural gene pool and survival of the fittest

91
Q

What people influenced Darwin?

A

James Hutton, Lamark, Lyell, Malthus

92
Q

What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?

A

tortoise shells and finch beaks

93
Q

What does the term “fitness” mean?

A

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

94
Q

Know what the following terms mean: vestigial structure, homologous structures, analogous structures

A

vestigial - any body structure that is reduced or has no function in a living organism but may have at one time by ancestors
homologous - almost same structure of a body part but with different functions
analogous - body parts of different organisms that have the same functions but different structures

95
Q

Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?

A

a scientist who created the hierarchical system of classification - Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

96
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

classification system in which each species is assigned a two part scientific name

97
Q

What is the order of classification starting with Domain -> Species?

A

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

98
Q

What are the 2 major categories of cells and how do you determine the difference between them?

A

prokaryote and eukaryote - prokaryote has no nucleus while eukaryote does

99
Q

What are the 2 major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria - archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan and have different membrane lipids and DNA sequences of key arachaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes

100
Q

What are the 3 shapes that bacteria are classified?

A

bacilli, cocchi, spirilla

101
Q

How are bacteria helpful/harmful?

A

helpful - decompose, fix nitrogen, provide humans with food and beverages and industrial items
harmful - cause sickness

102
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

103
Q

What is a vaccine and what does it do?

A

an injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

104
Q

What dose a Gram staining test show?

A

a method that shows the differences between cell walls to classify something - if the cell wall retains the violet stain, it contains peptidoglycan

105
Q

What are antibiotics and what do they do?

A

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

106
Q

Know the common bacteria diseases.

A

lyme disease, tetanus, tuberculosis, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, strep throat, tooth decay

107
Q

Know the common viral diseases.

A

common cold, influenza, smallpox, warts, AIDS, chickenpox, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, west nile, polio

108
Q

Know the levels of organization in the environment starting with Organism -> Biosphere.

A

organism population community ecosystem biosphere

109
Q

Know the following terms: producer, autotroph, consumer, heterotrophy, decomposer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, scavenger, detrivore

A

producer: bottom of the food chain that converts sunlight into usable energy
autotroph: converts sunlight into energy
consumer: eats other things
heterotroph: eats other things
decomposer: breaks down dead/decaying material
herbivore: only eats plants
carnivore: only eats animals
omnivore: eats plants and animals
scavenger: feeds on dead animal and plant material present in its habitat.
detritivore: feeds on plant and animal remains

110
Q

What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?

A

On a food web, the arrows represent 10% of the energy being transferred… lost as heat

111
Q

What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it, and why is it important?

A

process of converting N into ammonia…atmosphere, plant use… bacteria

112
Q

Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?

A

many different directions depending on the food web

113
Q

Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, & water) in the living environment flow in how many directions?

A

Along the food web

114
Q

A valid hypothesis must be _____________________.

A

tested

115
Q

A valid hypothesis is based on what?

A

prior knowledge and observations

116
Q

How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?

A

1

117
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A

made of cells, reproduce, grow and develop, obtain and use materials and energy, respond to their environment

118
Q

Biology is the study of?

A

living things

119
Q

Know the following cell parts and their functions: nucleus,

A

controls what goes on in the cell

120
Q

Know the following cell parts and their functions: ribosome

A

synthesizes protein

121
Q

mitochondria

A

“powerhouse” of cell/energy conversion site

122
Q

cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

123
Q

cell wall

A

only in plant cells/made of cellulose

124
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packages/stores proteins

125
Q

rough ER/smooth ER

A

studded with ribosomes, manufactures waxes, oils and lipids

126
Q

lysosome

A

recycles

127
Q

flagella

A

a tail powered by mitochondria

128
Q

cilia

A

short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells

129
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water, nutrients, and wastes

130
Q

chloroplasts

A

plant organelle that captures sunlight energy and converts it into chemical energy

131
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus

132
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water through a thin membrane

133
Q

What is cell specialization and why is it needed?

A

separate roles for each type of cell… because complex organisms have complex systems to function

134
Q

What 3 organelles are in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

A

central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast

135
Q

What is diffusion and why does it occur?

A

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration… for balance to be happening

136
Q

What cell size is more efficient?

A

smaller because less waste

137
Q

What happens at the following stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, PMAT

A

rapid growth and metabolic activity - centrioles replicate

growth and DNA synthesis

growth and final preparations

chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles move toward poles

chromosomes meet in middle; spindle fibers attach

centromeres and chromosomes are pulled apart

cytoplasm divides, nuclear envelope appears, chromosomes uncoil

138
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

PMAT

139
Q

What is cancer?

A

a problem that causes growth rate problems

140
Q

Know the structure of a chromosome.

A

V sister chromatid
o centromere
A sister chromatid

141
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide composed of? What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?

A

a sugar, a phosphate, a nitrogen base

142
Q

After DNA replication, what are the double helixes composed of?

A

new strand and old strand

143
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA in double helix formation and has thymine. RNA has uracil and is a strand basically

144
Q

What is the function of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA?

A

mRNA carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the reset of the cell

rRNA makes up the ribosome

tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis

145
Q

What happens during the process of transcription?

A

part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

146
Q

What happens during the process of translation?

A

decoding of a MRNA message into a polypeptide chain

147
Q

Know the equation (reactants and products) for cellular respiration.

A

O2 + C6H12O6 = CO2 + H2O

148
Q

Know the equation (reactants and products) for photosynthesis.

A

CO2 + H2O = O2 + C6H12O6

149
Q

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

A

glucose

150
Q

Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?

A

enough oxygen isn’t getting to the cell

151
Q

What is lactic acid and what does it cause?

A

fermentation occurs when not enough oxygen is present- muscle burning sensation

152
Q

What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?

A

oxygen in respiration

153
Q

During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?

A

2 w/o oxygen

36 w/ oxygen

154
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

chloroplast

155
Q

What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?

A

mitochondria

156
Q

What organisms do photosynthesis?

A

autotrophs

157
Q

What organisms do cellular respiration?

A

most organisms

158
Q

Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?

A

opposite equations (products/reactants)

159
Q

What is the definition of a hybrid?

A

Offspring that result from crosses between true breeding parents

160
Q

Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?

A

Mendel… inheritance/the passing of genes… pea plants

161
Q

What is a punnett square and what does it help determine?

A

a cross in which it shows all possible results, genotypes of offspring, and alleles in gametes of parents

162
Q

What is the difference between an organism’s diploid and haploid number?

A

diploid is twice as much as haploid

163
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A

when a chromosome is mixed with the other in the passing of traits… genetic variation

164
Q

Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?

A

because the genes mix and create different traits in offspring

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