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Body Systems B Flashcards

1
Q

excretory system function

A

remove wastes

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2
Q

excretory main organs

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs, liver

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3
Q

what is filtered

A

blood

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4
Q

what is filtered out of blood

A

water, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins

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5
Q

what gets reabsorbed

A

amino acids, fats, glucose, water

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6
Q

what is too big to be filtered

A

plasma proteins, cells , platelets

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7
Q

what happens if kidneys don’t function properly

A

transplant or hooked up to kidney dialysis machine or possibly artificial organs

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8
Q

Endocrine system function

A

deliver messages to body through glands that secrete products into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body

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10
Q

target cell

A

cell that has receptors for a particular hormone

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

makes hormones that control/stored in pituitary gland

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

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13
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four glands; release parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium level in blood

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14
Q

thymus

A

during childhood, it releases thymosin which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response

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15
Q

adrenal glands

A

release epinephrine and norepinephrine which helps body respond to stress

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16
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities such as daily sleep-wake cycles

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17
Q

thyroid

A

produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism throughout the body

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18
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon which regulates glucose level in the blood

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19
Q

ovary

A

produces estrogen and progesterone. estrogen develops secondary sex characteristics and egg development in females. progesterone prepares uterus for a fertilized egg

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20
Q

testis

A

produces testosterone which is responsible for sperm production and development of secondary male sex characteristics

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21
Q

what are steroid hormones produced from

A

lipid called cholesterol

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22
Q

examples of nonsteroid hormones

A

proteins, small peptides, and modified amino acids

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23
Q

main difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones

A

steroids can cross cell membranes and even get to the nucleus. Nonsteroids can’t pass through the target cell

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24
Q

what are prostaglandins

A

a hormone every cell except red blood cells produce.. generally known as local hormones as they only affect nearby cells and tissues

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25
Q

main function of male reproductive system

A

produce and deliver sperm

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26
Q

locate and define seminal vesicle

A

produces fluid that nourishes sperm

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27
Q

locate and define prostate gland

A

secretes an alkaline fluid that counteracts the acidity of the vagina

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28
Q

locate and define penis

A

the thing that’s outside the body

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29
Q

locate and define urethra (male)

A

carries semen during ejaculation and urine during urination

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30
Q

locate and define testes

A

sperm production that begins during puberty

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31
Q

locate and define epididymis

A

coiled tube attached to each testis

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32
Q

locate and define vas deferens

A

connects epididymis to urethra

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33
Q

locate and define bulbourethral

A

secretes alkaline fluid for sperm

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34
Q

locate and define uterus

A

where an embryo would develop into a fetus

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35
Q

locate and define cervix

A

a small opening at the bottom of the uterus in which things can go in and out

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36
Q

locate and define ovaries

A

the site of egg production

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37
Q

locate and define fallopian tube

A

where fertilization would occur… connects ovaries to the uterus

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38
Q

locate and define urethra (female)

A

carries urine… no part in reproduction

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39
Q

locate and define vagina

A

connects uterus to outside of the body

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40
Q

locate and define clitoris

A

covered by a hood of skin and connected to the labia

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41
Q

locate and define labia majora

A

two large folds of skin between the legs

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42
Q

locate and define labia minora

A

two small folds of skin inside labia majora

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43
Q

another name for fallopian tube

A

oviduct

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44
Q

ovulation

A

when the egg exists the ovary and enters a follopian tube

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45
Q

fertilization

A

the process of which a sperm and egg join

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46
Q

zygote

A

egg and sperm joined together

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47
Q

implantation

A

when an egg attaches to the uterus lining

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48
Q

placenta

A

blood that is outside the uterus

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49
Q

umbilical cord

A

what connects an embryo to the uterus

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50
Q

locate and define seminiferous tubule

A

whats inside the testes

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51
Q

head of the sperm

A

acrosome

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52
Q

tissue around the nipple

A

areola

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53
Q

what organelle gives a sperm energy

A

mitochondria

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54
Q

when does puberty begin

A

when the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to produce more FSH and LH

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55
Q

main function of female reproductive system

A

produce ova and prepare the female body to nurse an embryo

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56
Q

four stages of menstruation

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation

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57
Q

disease

A

any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body

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58
Q

agent disease producers ex.

A

bacteria, virus, fungi

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59
Q

environmental disease producers ex.

A

cigarette smoke

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60
Q

inherited disease producer ex.

A

hemophilia

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61
Q

disease causing agents

A

pathogens

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62
Q

diseases caused by pathogens

A

infectious diseases

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63
Q

germ theory of disease

A

infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms of different types, or germs

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64
Q

lyme disease

A

joint disease spread by ticks… spiral shaped bacterium

65
Q

Who came up with germ theory of disease

A

Pasteur and Koch

66
Q

Who discovered lyme disease

A

Steere

67
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. . pathogen should always be found in body of a sick organism
  2. . pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture
  3. .. When the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease as the original
  4. . The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host and identical to the first pathogen
68
Q

agents of disease..

A

virus, bacteria, protist, worm, fungi

69
Q

how infectious diseases are spread

A

person to person by sneezing, coughing, or physical contact; contaminated food or water; infected animals

70
Q

antibiotics

A

compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts… they have no effects on viruses

71
Q

function of the immune system

A

to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells or immunity

72
Q

two categories of immune system defense

A

nonspecific and specific

73
Q

difference between nonspecific and specific

A

nonspecific guard against infections by keeping most things out of the body. Specific track down pathogens that have managed to break through the body’s nonspecific defense

74
Q

body’s most important nonspecific defense

A

skin

75
Q

first line of defense

A

keep pathogens out by using skin, mucus, sweat, and tears

76
Q

lysozyme

A

found in saliva, mucus, and tears, lysozome is an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria

77
Q

second line of defense aka

A

inflammatory response

78
Q

the inflammatory response…

A

is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

79
Q

what happens when pathogens are detected

A

white blood cells multiply… blood vessels near the would expand

80
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

81
Q

interferons

A

group of proteins that interfere with the growth of a virus

82
Q

specific defense aka

A

immune response

83
Q

antigen

A

substance that triggers the immune response

84
Q

lymphocyte

A

type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to help destroy pathogens

85
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes/cells and T lymphocytes/cells

86
Q

B cells

A

provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in body fluids. this is humoral immunity

87
Q

T cells

A

provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. this is cell mediated immunity

88
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

89
Q

humoral immunity

A

a pathogen invades the body and is recognized by B cells which divide rapidly, creating plasma cells and memory B cells
plasma cells release antibodies which are carried in the bloodstream to attack the pathogen. As they attack, the plasma cells die out
once the body’s been exposed, memory b cells remain capable of producing antibodies specific to the pathogen.

90
Q

antibody structure

A

shaped like the letter Y… antibody on bottom and each stem contains an antigen binding site at the end where antigens connect

91
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

primary defense against cancerous or virus infected cells

T cells divide and either become killer/cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, or memory T cells.
Killer T cells track down the bacteria, fungi, protozoan, or foreign tissue.
Helper T cells produce memory T cells that cause a secondary response if the antigen enters the body again.
Suppressor T cells release substances that shut down killer T cells once the pathogenic cells are under control

92
Q

macrophage

A

a very large eating cell

93
Q

vaccination

A

the injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

94
Q

active immunity

A

type of immunity produced by the body’s reaction to a vaccine

95
Q

passive immunity

A

type of immunity produced when antibodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream. It only lasts a short time because the body eventually destroys the foreign antibodies

96
Q

allergies

A

common overreactions of the immune system to antigens

97
Q

mast cells

A

specialized immune system cells that initiate inflammatory response

98
Q

histamines

A

activated mast cells… increase blood and fluid (ie mucus) flow to the surrounding area…

99
Q

antihistamines

A

drugs taken to counteract the effects of histamines

100
Q

asthma

A

a chronic respiratory disease in which air passages become narrower than normal… heredity and environment both play a role

101
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells

102
Q

retrovirus

A

a virus that carries its genetic information in RNA instead of DNA

103
Q

What does HIV mainly target

A

T cells

104
Q

prokaryotes

A

smallest and most common microorganism. A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus

105
Q

two bacteria groups

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

106
Q

eubacteria

A

larger than archaebacteria
live almost everywhere
ex. E Coli
heterotrophs
autotrophs
saprobes
chemosynthetic autotrophs
surrounded by a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan
inside is a cell membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm
some have a second membrane outside the cell membrane

107
Q

archaebacteria

A

look similar to eubacteria but… lack peptidoglycan and have different membrane lipids. DNA sequences are more like eukaryotes
many live in extremely harsh conditions

108
Q

how are prokaryotes identified

A

shape, chemical nature of cell walls, the way they move, and the way they obtain energy

109
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

110
Q

cocci

A

spherical shaped bacteria

111
Q

spirilla

A

spiral and corkscrew shaped bacteria

112
Q

Gram staining

A 
two dyes (violet and red). The violet is applied, which stains peptidoglycan cell walls. This is followed by an alcohol treatment that tends to wash peptidoglycan away. 
Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan walls that retain the violet stain
Gram negative are thinner and alcohol dissolves the lipid and removes the dye. The counterstain makes these pink or red
113
Q

movement in bacteria

A 
some:
don't move
are propelled by flagella
lash
snake
spiral
glide slowly along a layer of slimelike material
114
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

heterotrophs that take in organic molecules for both energy and a carbon supply (what we are)

115
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

heterotrophs that use sunlight for energy and also take in organic compounds for a carbon source

116
Q

photoautotrophs

A

autotrophs that use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen

117
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photoautrophs that are found mostly in water and contain chlorophyll a, the key pigment in photosynthesis

118
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

without light, they make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide. Instead of light they use energy from chemical reactions

119
Q

how do bacteria get energy

A

cellular respiration, fermentation, or both

120
Q

obligate aerobes

A

organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen ie mycobacterium tuberculosis

121
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that must live in the absence of oxygen ie clostridium botulinum

122
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

don’t require oxygen, but aren’t killed in its presence ie E Coli

123
Q

binary fission

A

when a bacterium has grown twice its normal size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half

124
Q

conjugation

A

a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells and genes move from one to the other. This creates genetic diversity

125
Q

spore formation

A

when growth conditions become unfavorable, the bactera form spores. An endospore encloses DNA for a certain amount of time until conditions become more favorable

126
Q

decomposers

A

recycle nutrients and maintain environmental equilibrium

127
Q

nitrogen fixers

A

organisms that convert nitrogen gas into a form plants can use ie Rhizobium… symbiotic plant/bacteria relationship

128
Q

human uses of bacteria

A 
food and beverage production
petroleum digesters help clean up oil
remove waste and poison from water
mine materials
synthesize drugs and chemicals
in digestive system, produce vitamins
129
Q

3 types of coccus

A

diplococcus - paired cells
staphylococcus - grape like clusters
streptococcus - long chains

130
Q

plasmids

A

the circular DNA in bacteria

131
Q

Dmitri Ivanovski

A

identified a virus killing tobacco plants

132
Q

Martinus Beijerinck

A

suggested that tiny particles in a plant juice was killing the plants. named them viruses

133
Q

viruses are made of

A

nucleic acid, protien, and sometimes lipids

134
Q

how is genetic info stored in a virus

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

135
Q

T4 bacteriophage description

A

kinda like a spider with a tall body… head containing DNA swirls, tail sheath, with tail fibers

136
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus description

A

tall cylinder coated with capsid proteins and RNA spiraled inside

137
Q

Influenza Virus description

A

spherical thing that has RNA swirling inside coated with a capsid which is coated in a membrane envelope that as surface proteins sticking out

138
Q

capsid

A

virus’s protein coat that trick a cell into letting the virus inside

139
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

140
Q

lytic infection

A

virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst…
T4 injects its own DNA into the cell and the cell is unable to tell the difference between the virus’s and its own
The cell makes mRNA from the virus genes which translates to viral proteins that shuts down the host cell.
The virus then uses host cell materials to make thousands of copies of its own DNA molecule. The viral DNA gets assembled into new virus particles.
The infected cell lyses, which is why the process is called a lytic infection.

141
Q

lysogenic infection

A

a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and the viral genetic info replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. The lysogenic does not lyse right away, it remains inactive for a while

142
Q

prophage

A

during a lysogenic infection, prophage is the viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA

143
Q

retrovirus

A

virus that has RNA as its genetic info… once it infects the cell, it produces a DNA copy of the RNA… RNA –> DNA

144
Q

why are viruses parasites

A

infect a living cell in order to grow and reproduce; take advantage of the host’s respiration, nutrition, and all other functions

145
Q

Why could viruses not have been the first living thing

A

completely dependent upon living things

146
Q

are viruses living

A

no though they seem they are… they don’t contain a nucleus, no independent reproduction, don’t grow, don’t use energy, and don’t respond to their environment

147
Q

viroid

A

virus that contains a single strand of RNA

148
Q

prion

A

protein molecule that causes animal diseases

149
Q

example of oncogenic virus

A

cancer

150
Q

example of retrovirus

A

cancer, AIDS

151
Q

example of adenovirus

A

respiratory infection

152
Q

example of herpesvirus

A

chickenpox

153
Q

example of poxvirus

A

smallpox

154
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

kinda like a thermostat

155
Q

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A

like pregnancy

156
Q

larynx

A

contains two elastic folds of tissue known as vocal cords… below epiglottis

157
Q

pharynx

A

passageway for air and food… leads to epiglottis

158
Q

how long is a menstrual cycle

A

28 days on average

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