DNA Replication

Question 1

Gene Locus

Answer 1

the location of specific genes on specific chromosomes

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

The genetic material of an organism

Question 3

Euchromatin

Answer 3

Loose chromatin
Gene Expression
Presence of Acetyl groups

Question 4

Heterochromatin

Answer 4

Compact chromatin
Silenced genes
Methyl groups

Question 5

Epigenetic’s

Answer 5

Activating and deactivating genes through chemical modification

Question 6

Epigenator

Answer 6

Acts as a trigger for epigenetic’s

Question 7

Epigenetic Initiator

Answer 7

Receives the signal and establishes the pathway for epigenetic’s

Question 8

Epigenetic Maintainer

Answer 8

Sustains chromatin environment in subsequent divisions

Question 9

Gene Expression

Answer 9

Information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a function gene product

Question 10

Central Dogma

Answer 10

DNA is transcribed to produce RNA, then translated to produce a protein

Question 11

Triplet Code

Answer 11

Genetic instructions in three’s

Question 12

What is the purpose of non-coding DNA

Answer 12

Transcriptional & translational regulators
Origins of DNA replication
Centromeres
Telomeres
Protective elements

Question 13

What was the first genetic material

Answer 13

RNA

Question 14

DNA polymerase and direction read in

Answer 14

Enzyme that forms new copies of DNA, 3’ –> 5’

Question 15

RNA polymerase

Answer 15

Enzyme that forms RNA molecules from a template of DNA, 3’ –> 5’

Question 16

Promoter

Answer 16

5’ region of DNA which is upstream of the gene, where RNA polymerase bonds

Question 17

Intron

Answer 17

non-coding region

Question 18

Exon

Answer 18

coding region

Question 19

Initiation of transcription

Answer 19

TATA box, polymerase binds, helix is split

Question 20

Elongation of transcription

Answer 20

RNA polymerase moves down DNA
3’ –> 5’
fast!!

Question 21

Termination of transcription

Answer 21

Termination sequence
mRNA transcript leaves the nucleus

Question 22

mRNA modification

Answer 22

Addition of a cap
Addition of a poly-A tail
Splicing

Question 23

Addition of a cap

Answer 23

adding a modified G nucleotide at the 5’ end

Question 24

Addition of a poly-A tail

Answer 24

50-250 A nucleotides at 3’ end

Question 25

Splicing

Answer 25

removal of introns and putting together exons

Question 26

Start Codons

Answer 26

AUG

Question 27

Stop Codon

Answer 27

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 28

Initiation of Translation

Answer 28

small subunit binds to mRNA
initiator tRNA binds to mRNA at start codon
large subunit binds

Question 29

Elongation of Translation

Answer 29

Codon Recognition
Peptide bond formation
Translocation
tRNA release

Question 30

Termination of Translation

Answer 30

Release factor is added

Question 31

What does tRNA do

Answer 31

3D conformation due to complimentary bases
Binding site for amino acids

Question 32

What are the 3 ribosome sites

Answer 32

A site - Arrival
P site - Peptide bond
E site - Exit

Question 33

Spontaneous Mutations

Answer 33

Errors during DNA replication

Question 34

Mutagens

Answer 34

effects of physical or chemical agents

Question 35

Types of base pair substitutions

Answer 35

Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Sense mutation

Question 36

Frameshift

Answer 36

1-2 base pair added or lost

Question 37

Carcinogens

Answer 37

Increase tumour/cancer risk

Question 38

Silent Mutation

Answer 38

No effect on amino acids due to redundancy

Question 39

Missense Mutations

Answer 39

Changes one amino acid to another

Question 40

Nonsense Mutations

Answer 40

Changes an amino acid to a stop codon, short polypeptide, nonfunctional

Question 41

Sense Mutations

Answer 41

Changes a stop codon to a amino acid, long polypeptide, nonfunctional/sub-functional