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Biology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the key elements

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur

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2
Q

what are proteins

A

most elaborate organic molecules
perform the majority of the tasks

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3
Q

what bonds proteins

A

Peptide bond, between amino and carboxyl group

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4
Q

what are the parts of protein

A

Amino Group
R-group
Carboxyl Group

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5
Q

what is the primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids determined by DNA

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6
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

coils (alpha helix) and folds (beta pleated sheet) held by H-bonds

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7
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

Interactions between r-groups

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8
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

2+ polypeptide chains form a macromolecule

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9
Q

Denaturation

A

when proteins unfold due the influence of chemicals and high temperatures

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10
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structural Support
Storage of Amino Acids
Transport of Substances
Cellular Communications
Movement
Defense against foreign substances
Speeding chemical reactions
(Super Scientists Track Cellular Mechanisms During Studies)

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

they lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

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12
Q

Function of Nucleic Acids

A

Store and Transmit information

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13
Q

What are nucleotides

A

The single molecule of a nucleic acid

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14
Q

The parts of nucleotides

A

pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

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15
Q

What is DNA

A

double helix held together between H-bonds run anti-parallel

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA with histones

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16
Q

Genes

A

regions of DNA that program the primary structure of proteins

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17
Q

Chromosome

A

folded chromatin

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18
Q

DNA bases

A

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine (Gerald the CAT)

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19
Q

Benefits of Double Strand

A

Two templates for DNA replication and RNA formation
Stable structure

20
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single Ring Structure (C and T)

20
Q

Purines

A

Double Ring Structure (G and A)

21
Q

Strongest DNA bond

A

Between G-C

22
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded pattern that may fold on itself to form 3D molecules

23
Q

RNA bases

A

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Uracil

24
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

25
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

26
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

27
Q

Nucleic Acid Bond

A

Phosphodiester

28
Q

Directions of Nucleic Acid

A

5’ bonded with phosphorus (up) => 3’ bonded to phosphorus (down)

29
Q

Function of a Carbohydrate

A

Fuel and Structure

30
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Cn H2nOn

31
Q

Hexose Sugars

A

C6H12O6, rings or chains

32
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugars bonded

33
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

bonded between carbon 1 and a hydroxyl group on carbon 6

34
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)

35
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Store NRG and structural support

36
Q

Glycogen in mammals

A

liver cells and muscle cells

37
Q

Glycogen in plant

A

Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin)

38
Q

Glycogen in fungi

A

Chitin

39
Q

Function of Lipids

A

Energy storage, insulation and protection

40
Q

Lipid Bonds

A

Ester

41
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Unkinked, single covalent bonds, solid at room temperature

42
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Kinked, presence of double bonds, liquid at room temperature, increased fluidity

43
Q

Function of Phospholipid

A

Cell membrane and lipoproteins

44
Q

Structure of Phospholipid

A

Glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

45
Q

Amphipathic

A

Contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

46
Q

Steroid structure

A

Carbon skeleton of four fused rings

47
Q

Cholesterol

A

amphipathic, found in cell membrane

Biology (9 decks)

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