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Biology > Cell Divison > Flashcards

Cell Divison Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How long does Interphase last

A

10-14 hours

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase

A

G1, Synthesis and G2

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3
Q

G1 Phase

A

growth, synthesis of new organelles and regulatory proteins

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4
Q

G2 Phase

A

centrosomes duplicate, spindle fibers (microtubules) form

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5
Q

Synthesis Phase

A

identical sister chromatids are formed

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6
Q

Somatic Cell

A

non-reproductive cell

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7
Q

Gamete

A

reproductive cells

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8
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes (proper amount)

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9
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Autosome

A

non-sex chromosome

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11
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein structure that assembles at the centromere

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12
Q

Centromere

A

DNA sequence that links sister chromatids

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13
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin compacted to chromosome, centrosomes separate, cell stretches

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13
Q

Pro-metaphase

A

nuclear membrane breaks, centrosomes at opposite ends, microtubules attach to kinetochores

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align along the center

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres break, cell elongates, sister chromosomes separate

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16
Q

Telophase

A

chromatin fibers loosen, nuclear membrane forms

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17
Q

Animal Cytokinesis

A

cell pinches, cleavage fold

18
Q

Plant Cytokinesis

A

formation of the cell plate

19
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction point, either continues or sent to G0

20
Q

Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

A

promotes passage through the cell cycle

21
Q

p53

A

tumour-suppressor protein

22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Error in the cell that leads to cell death

23
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

A

Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Resisting cell death
Enabling replicative immortality
Inductive angiogenesis
Activating invasion and metastasis

24
Q

Gametes

A

organism’s reproductive cells

25
Q

Meiosis

A

process that produces genetically different gametes

26
Q

Prophase I

A

nuclear membrane disappears, homologous pairs form tetrads, form recombinant chromatids

26
Q

Chiasma

A

physical manifestation of the crossing over

27
Q

Synapsis

A

the fusion of chromosome pairs

28
Q

Crossing Over

A

non-sister chromatids exchanging genetic materials

29
Q

Anaphase I

A

homologous pairs separate, haploid,

29
Q

Metaphase I

A

tetrads are randomly oriented, 2^23 combinations, aligned by pairs in the middle

30
Q

Telophase I

A

opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane reappears

31
Q

Prophase II

A

nuclear membrane disappears

32
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosomes align at the equator

33
Q

Anaphase II

A

chromosomes drawn to opposite ends

34
Q

Telophase II

A

DNA decondenses, nuclear membrane forms

35
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

form in the testes, made from puberty to death, 4 viable cells

36
Q

Oogenesis

A

form in the ovaries, primary oocytes prenatal, secondary oocytes puberty => menopause, 3 polar bodies 1 viable egg

37
Q

What causes genetic variation

A

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

38
Q

What is non-disjunction

A

when chromosomes do not separate

39
Q

3 examples of autosomal trisomy

A

Patau (13), Edwards (18), Down (21) Syndrome

40
Q

Transcription and translation occur throughout

A

G0, G1 and G2

41
Q

What stage does the primary oocyte rest pre-natally

A

Prophase l

Biology (9 decks)

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