DNA & protein synthesis

Question 1

What is chromatin?

Answer 1

the form of a cel’s dna when it’s not preparing to divide

Question 2

What is chromatin comprised of?

Answer 2

loose strands of dna

Question 3

what are histones?

Answer 3

bead-like protein structures that bunch together

Question 4

what do you call the bunched up histones?

Answer 4

nucleosome

Question 5

what is wound around histones?

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

where are histones not found?

Answer 6

In bacteria (prokaryotes)

Question 7

what does chromatin do before mitosis?

Answer 7

condenses to form chromosomes

Question 8

how many strands does DNA have?

Answer 8

two

Question 9

what shape does DNA have?

Answer 9

double helix shape

Question 10

what is DNA made from?

Answer 10

building blocks called nucleotides

Question 11

What are nucleotides comprised of?

Answer 11

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar molecule (deoxyribose)

Question 12

What 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA make up the “dna sequence”?

Answer 12

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 13

What are base pairs connected by?

Answer 13

hydrogen bonds

Question 14

what does adenine (A) pair with?

Answer 14

Thymine (T)

Question 15

What does cytosine (C) pair with?

Answer 15

Guanine (G)

Question 16

What is DNA replication?

Answer 16

semiconservative

Question 17

what does semiconservative mean?

Answer 17

the double strand of DNA splits in half and the halves are used as templates for the new strand

Question 18

What is the first step in dna replication?

Answer 18

the dna helix is unwound (untwisted)

Question 19

What is the second step in dna replication?

Answer 19

the double strand is separated, pulling apart the nitrogenous base pairs

Question 20

What is the third step in dna replication?

Answer 20

new nitrogenous bases are laid down on the template strand (AT, CG)

Question 21

when does dna replication occur in the nucleus?

Answer 21

Synthesis phase of interphase (before cell splits in mitosis)

Question 22

What is the final step in dna replication?

Answer 22

two new DNA helices are formed

Question 22

After replication, how much of the
new DNA is comprised of the original
parent strand?

Answer 22

half

Question 23

what is the purpose of dna?

Answer 23

to code for proteins

Question 24

what do proteins do?

Answer 24

control everything in our bodies and give rise to our phenotypes

Question 25

what will mutations in the dna chnage?

Answer 25

the produced protein and phenotype

Question 26

what is the central dogma?

Answer 26

the process of how proteins are made from dna

Question 27

what does the central dogma include?

Answer 27

transcription and translation

Question 27

What are some examples of proteins in the body?

Answer 27

Amylase, pepsin (digestive enzymes)

Question 28

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 28

inside the nucleus

Question 29

what is transcription?

Answer 29

the process of using dna's code to make single-stranded mRNA

Question 29

what do the double strands of dna open up to reveal?

Answer 29

the nitrogenous bases

Question 29

What is mRNA?

Answer 29

It's made as a complimentary code of DNA

Question 29

What does the mRNA do after leaving the nucleus?

Answer 29

attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm (or rough ER)

Question 30

what does the ribosome hold?

Answer 30

the mRNA strand

Question 31

What does the tRNA do?

Answer 31

brings amino acid molecules and attaches them to the growing chain

Question 32

what is translation?

Answer 32

the process of building a chain of amino acids form the mRNA template

Question 33

what is a codon?

Answer 33

the 3 bases lined up in the mRNA used as a set

Question 34

what does the tRNA contain?

Answer 34

anticodon

Question 35

what is an anticodon?

Answer 35

a complimentary copy of the codon

Question 36

what happens when the codon and anticodon align?

Answer 36

the tRNA deposits the amino acid it carries onto the growing chain

Question 37

What can an amino acid chain do once it's formed?

Answer 37

it can become a protein

Question 37

what could cause a protein to have the wrong shape?

Answer 37

mutations in the dna

Question 37

what is a connection between mRNA and DNA?

Answer 37

both molecules that carry genetic information

Question 37

what is a protein?

Answer 37

a 3d molecule

Question 38

what is a protein's job based on?

Answer 38

its shape

Question 38

Name 2 differences between mRNA and DNA

Answer 38

dna is double stranded, mRNA is single stranded mRNA doesn't have thymine, but uracil instead

Question 39

What does uracil pair with in mRNA?

Answer 39

Adenine

Question 40

What is a codon chart used for?

Answer 40

to determine the amino acid produced for each codon

Question 41

What do codon charts use?

Answer 41

the mRNA three-letter sequence

Question 42

What is a stop codon?

Answer 42

ends translation so that no new amino acids are added to the growing chain

Question 42

What is a start codon?

Answer 42

it initiates the start of translation

Question 43

Name a start codon

Answer 43

AUG

Question 44

what are mutations?

Answer 44

changes to the dna sequence

Question 45

how do mutations affects the final protein formed?

Answer 45

mutations in the original dna might lead to a wrong amino acid being placed into the amino acid chain. this might cause a shape change in the final protein, disrupting its function

Question 46

will a mutation in the DNA always affect the amino acid chain?

Answer 46

not always. if the mutation still produces the same amino acid, there'll be no difference in the final chain and produced protein

Question 47

what does mRNA do?

Answer 47

carries info from genes

Question 48

what does tRNA do?

Answer 48

transports amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 49

what does rRNA do?

Answer 49

carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes