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science 2 Term 2 > DNA & protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA & protein synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the form of a cel’s dna when it’s not preparing to divide

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2
Q

What is chromatin comprised of?

A

loose strands of dna

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3
Q

what are histones?

A

bead-like protein structures that bunch together

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4
Q

what do you call the bunched up histones?

A

nucleosome

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5
Q

what is wound around histones?

A

DNA

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6
Q

where are histones not found?

A

In bacteria (prokaryotes)

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7
Q

what does chromatin do before mitosis?

A

condenses to form chromosomes

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8
Q

how many strands does DNA have?

A

two

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9
Q

what shape does DNA have?

A

double helix shape

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10
Q

what is DNA made from?

A

building blocks called nucleotides

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11
Q

What are nucleotides comprised of?

A

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar molecule (deoxyribose)

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12
Q

What 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA make up the “dna sequence”?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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13
Q

What are base pairs connected by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what does adenine (A) pair with?

A

Thymine (T)

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15
Q

What does cytosine (C) pair with?

A

Guanine (G)

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16
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

semiconservative

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17
Q

what does semiconservative mean?

A

the double strand of DNA splits in half and the halves are used as templates for the new strand

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18
Q

What is the first step in dna replication?

A

the dna helix is unwound (untwisted)

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19
Q

What is the second step in dna replication?

A

the double strand is separated, pulling apart the nitrogenous base pairs

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20
Q

What is the third step in dna replication?

A

new nitrogenous bases are laid down on the template strand (AT, CG)

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21
Q

when does dna replication occur in the nucleus?

A

Synthesis phase of interphase (before cell splits in mitosis)

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22
Q

What is the final step in dna replication?

A

two new DNA helices are formed

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22
Q

After replication, how much of the
new DNA is comprised of the original
parent strand?

A

half

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23
Q

what is the purpose of dna?

A

to code for proteins

24
Q

what do proteins do?

A

control everything in our bodies and give rise to our phenotypes

25
Q

what will mutations in the dna chnage?

A

the produced protein and phenotype

26
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

the process of how proteins are made from dna

27
Q

what does the central dogma include?

A

transcription and translation

27
Q

What are some examples of proteins in the body?

A

Amylase, pepsin (digestive enzymes)

28
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

inside the nucleus

29
Q

what is transcription?

A

the process of using dna’s code to make single-stranded mRNA

29
Q

what do the double strands of dna open up to reveal?

A

the nitrogenous bases

29
Q

What is mRNA?

A

It’s made as a complimentary code of DNA

29
Q

What does the mRNA do after leaving the nucleus?

A

attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm (or rough ER)

30
Q

what does the ribosome hold?

A

the mRNA strand

31
Q

What does the tRNA do?

A

brings amino acid molecules and attaches them to the growing chain

32
Q

what is translation?

A

the process of building a chain of amino acids form the mRNA template

33
Q

what is a codon?

A

the 3 bases lined up in the mRNA used as a set

34
Q

what does the tRNA contain?

A

anticodon

35
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

a complimentary copy of the codon

36
Q

what happens when the codon and anticodon align?

A

the tRNA deposits the amino acid it carries onto the growing chain

37
Q

What can an amino acid chain do once it’s formed?

A

it can become a protein

37
Q

what could cause a protein to have the wrong shape?

A

mutations in the dna

37
Q

what is a connection between mRNA and DNA?

A

both molecules that carry genetic information

37
Q

what is a protein?

A

a 3d molecule

38
Q

what is a protein’s job based on?

A

its shape

38
Q

Name 2 differences between mRNA and DNA

A

dna is double stranded, mRNA is single stranded
mRNA doesn’t have thymine, but uracil instead

39
Q

What does uracil pair with in mRNA?

A

Adenine

40
Q

What is a codon chart used for?

A

to determine the amino acid produced for each codon

41
Q

What do codon charts use?

A

the mRNA three-letter sequence

42
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

ends translation so that no new amino acids are added to the growing chain

42
Q

What is a start codon?

A

it initiates the start of translation

43
Q

Name a start codon

A

AUG

44
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes to the dna sequence

45
Q

how do mutations affects the final protein formed?

A

mutations in the original dna might lead to a wrong amino acid being placed into the amino acid chain. this might cause a shape change in the final protein, disrupting its function

46
Q

will a mutation in the DNA always affect the amino acid chain?

A

not always. if the mutation still produces the same amino acid, there’ll be no difference in the final chain and produced protein

47
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

carries info from genes

48
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

transports amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

49
Q

what does rRNA do?

A

carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

science 2 Term 2 (6 decks)

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