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science 2 Term 2 > 02 Meiosis & Fertilisation > Flashcards

02 Meiosis & Fertilisation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

the formation of sec cells in the male testes and female ovaries

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2
Q

How is meiosis similar to mitosis?

A

New cells are formed

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3
Q

How is meiosis different from mitosis?

A

New cells have 23 chromosomes and they’re genetically varied

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4
Q

Sperm and sex cells are haploid. What does this mean?

A

It means that each has 23 chromosomes (n) which come together to form a diploid zygote (2n) with 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

Why are unique individuals made?

A

Because each gamete is genetically different

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6
Q

How many times does meiosis go through pmat?

A

2 times

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7
Q

What happens in meiosis 1?

A

Genetic variation is created, and the # of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23

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8
Q

What happens in meiosis 2?

A

Sister chromatids are separated

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9
Q

Name 4 things that happen in prophase 1

A

chromatin condenses into x-shaped chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane disappears. Centromeres move towards opposite sides of the cell and form spindle fibers. Crossing over occurs

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10
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes overlap and randomly exchange genetic information

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11
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side at the centre of the cell

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12
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

It states that a resulting gamete’s chromosomes can differ depending on how homologous chromosomes line up during metaphase 1

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13
Q

Name 2 things that happen in Anaphase 1

A

The homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite sides of the cell, and the number of chromosomes are halved (2n to n)

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14
Q

Name 4 things that happen in telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

Nuclear membrane starts to reform (not fully). Chromosomes start to loosen back to chromatin. Resulting (n) cells’ membranes cleave/split. Results in 2 daughter cells

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15
Q

What is meiosis 2 conducted with?

A

haploid cells with 23 chromosomes

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16
Q

how many chromosomes does meiosis 2 result in?

A

23

17
Q

What happens is prophase 2?

A

Chromatin re-condenses into fully x-shaped chromosomes. nuclear membrane disappears again. Centrosomes move toward opposite sides of the cell and form spindle fibers

18
Q

What happens in metaphase 2?

A

23 chromosomes line up single file at the centre of the cell

19
Q

What happens in anaphase 2?

A

sister chromatids pull apart towards opposite sides of the cell

20
Q

What happens in telophase 2?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes loosen back to chromatin, and resulting n cells’ membrane cleave. 4 egg/sperm cells are formed

21
Q

What are all the ways in which meiosis creates genetically varied sex cells?

A

Crossing over, independent assortment during m1, random joining of sperm and egg cells

22
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of sperm cells in the male testes, results in 4 sperm cells

23
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The formation of egg cells

24
Q

When are primary oocytes in a woman formed?

A

prenatally

25
Q

What does every menstrual cycle result to?

A

The maturation of primary oocytes leading to the formation of 1 egg cell

26
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

immature egg

27
Q

What are the 2 types of fertilisation?

A

internal and external

28
Q

What is internal fertilisation?

A

the sperm and egg meet inside the organism

29
Q

What species does internal fertilisation?

A

animals

30
Q

What is external fertilisation?

A

The gametes meet outside the organism

31
Q

What species does external fertilisation?

A

Fish, frogs

32
Q

How does fish do external fertilisation?

A

Female fish lay eggs, male fish waits to spread sperm over the eggs

33
Q

What fertilisation does angiosperms do?

A

double fertilisation

34
Q

What is double fertilisation?

A
35
Q
A

science 2 Term 2 (6 decks)

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