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Biology 12 > DNA & Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA & Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the final phase of translation and what happens?

A

termination - where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

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2
Q

a gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene is called _______.

A

Deletion

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3
Q

_______ bonds form between nitrogenous bases in DNA molecule

A

Hydrogen

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4
Q

RNA is a _______ - stranded molecule

A

single

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5
Q

transcription is ________.

A

the process of creating mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

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6
Q

Shape of a DNA molecule

A

double helix

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7
Q

any factor which can cause a mutation is called a

A

mutagen

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8
Q

a substitution is……

A

a mutation where nucleotide is replaced with another diff nucleotide

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9
Q

DNA strand reads GATGGCTCA, the complementary DNA strand would read

A

CTACCGAGT

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10
Q

rRNA is responsible for what?

A

most abundant, 2rRNA subunits make a protein to from ribosome. This is known as the ribosomal RNA and assists in protein synthesis by reading mRNA codon.

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11
Q

process of DNA making copies of itself

A

replication

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12
Q

first phase of translation,
mRNA and tRNA join up and make small ribosomal subunit is called a

A

initiation

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13
Q

DNA is found in the ____ of euk cells

A

nucleus

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14
Q

many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time, these subunits are called

A

polysomes/polyribosomes

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15
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription. (adds nucleotides)

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16
Q

a nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

pyrimidines

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17
Q

a nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

purines

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18
Q

proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

histones

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19
Q

enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication

A

helicase

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20
Q

DNA subunit made up of three components

A

Nucleotide

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21
Q

three letter sequence on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

anticodon

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22
Q

tRNA is ….

A

transfer RNA, and delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

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23
Q

a change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule

A

mutation

24
Q

chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is flipped

A

inversion

25
Q

proteins made up of chains of _______ _______strung together.

A

amino acids

26
Q

mRNA is….

A

type of RNA that brings the instructions from DNA molecule to the ribosomes

27
Q

DNA is made up of repeating subunits thus reffered to as a

A

polymer

28
Q
A
29
Q

replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a ________
process because each daughter
strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA

A

semiconservative

30
Q

the reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to mare a protein is called

A

Translation

31
Q

UV liant and X ravs are examples of __________mutagens

A

Radiation

32
Q

HPV is an example of a
_______ mutation

A

Viral

33
Q

A _______ mutation affects only one gene

A

Somatic

34
Q

a gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

Addition

35
Q

a chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transtered to another chromosome

A

Translocation

36
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in
DNA Called ____

A

Uracil

37
Q

a nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

pyrimidines

38
Q

completed proteins are sent to the
_ for final processing and packaging

A

Golgi apparatus

39
Q

benzene and dioxins are examples of _______ mutagens

A

Chemical

40
Q

a chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself is called _______

A

Duplication

41
Q

a mutagen that causes cancer is called a

A

Carcinogen

42
Q

mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development are called

A

Germinal

43
Q

bonds form between adjoining amino
acids

A

Peptide

44
Q

acids
the number of purine bases will alwavs equal the number of pyramidine bases according to

A

Chargaffs rule

45
Q

the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a _______ _________
to enter the ribosome

A

Release factor

46
Q

a small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species

A

Plasmid

47
Q

A _______ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered

A

Chromosomal

48
Q

addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a _________
where all codons
downstream of the mutation are altered

A

Frame shift

49
Q

the second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called

A

Elongation

50
Q

if the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read

A

CUAGGAUU

51
Q

strong _______
bonds form between the sugar and
phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule

A

Covalent

52
Q

the three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

53
Q

_______ mutations occur in cells after birth

A

Somatic

54
Q

during transcription, the _____ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule

A

Sense

55
Q

Does the non-sense strand get used when DNA unzips?

A

No

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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