DNA + protein synthesis Flashcards
What are nucleotides made of
-a pentose sugar
-a phosphate
-a nitrogenous base
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid bases
pureines and pyrimidines
What are the purines
Adenine and Guanine
what are the pyrimidines
Thyamine, cytocine and uracil
what are nitrogenous bases bonded by
Hydrogen bonds
What are genes made of
a nucleic acid and a protein
what do genes control
cellular and chemical reactions, by directing formation of enzymes
DNA duplication is called what
replication
what are the steps of replication
Uzipping- H bonds break (helicase and gyrase)
Comp base pairing- new nucleotides move in
Nucleotide bonding- adjacent nucleotides bond in
what are the steps to transcription
unwinding- DNA unwinds to expose the bases
RNA reading- RNA bases r brought in to read DNA strand
RNA is realeased into cytoplasm and DNA rewinds
What are the types of RNA
tRNA mRNA and rRNA
what does tRNA do
delivers AAs from cytoplasm to ribsosome
what does mRNA do
carries codons from nucelus to ribosome
what does rRNA do
its the structural part of ribosomes/the genetic link between m and t RNA
What is the definition of translation
turns Rna message into a protein
where does translation occur
ribosome
what determines the amino acid produces from translation
the codons on the mRNA
What is the first step of translation
Initiation- start codon from mrna attaches to ribosome
What is the second step of translation
Elongation- More amino acids are being attached thru peptide bonds forming the protien
what is the third step of translation
Termination- goes thru until the stop codon is hit (UAA, UAG, UGA)
what happens to the things after termination
mRNA broken down, Ribosome splits into small units
What is a mutation
It is a change in an organism because of chemical change in gene structure
What happens to the DNA in a gene mutation
A nucleotide is added, deleted or substituted in the DNA code
What is it called when a nucleotide is added, deleted or substituted in the DNA code
Frameshift
Example of a mutation
Sickle cell anemia: one amino acid is different in the hemoglobin molecule, causing round blood cells to be sickle shaped
What are two types of mutations
Chromosomal mutations and gene mutations
what are gene mutations
when a mutation only affects a single gene
what are chromosomal mutations
when chromosomes are broken and reformed abnormally
what are mutagens
an external factor causing mutation in humans (ex. UV light, X-rays, Dioxins etc)
