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Bio 12 > DNA + protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA + protein synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

-a pentose sugar
-a phosphate
-a nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid bases

A

pureines and pyrimidines

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3
Q

What are the purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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4
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

Thyamine, cytocine and uracil

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5
Q

what are nitrogenous bases bonded by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What are genes made of

A

a nucleic acid and a protein

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7
Q

what do genes control

A

cellular and chemical reactions, by directing formation of enzymes

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8
Q

DNA duplication is called what

A

replication

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9
Q

what are the steps of replication

A

Uzipping- H bonds break (helicase and gyrase)
Comp base pairing- new nucleotides move in
Nucleotide bonding- adjacent nucleotides bond in

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10
Q

what are the steps to transcription

A

unwinding- DNA unwinds to expose the bases
RNA reading- RNA bases r brought in to read DNA strand
RNA is realeased into cytoplasm and DNA rewinds

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11
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

tRNA mRNA and rRNA

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12
Q

what does tRNA do

A

delivers AAs from cytoplasm to ribsosome

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13
Q

what does mRNA do

A

carries codons from nucelus to ribosome

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14
Q

what does rRNA do

A

its the structural part of ribosomes/the genetic link between m and t RNA

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15
Q

What is the definition of translation

A

turns Rna message into a protein

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16
Q

where does translation occur

A

ribosome

17
Q

what determines the amino acid produces from translation

A

the codons on the mRNA

18
Q

What is the first step of translation

A

Initiation- start codon from mrna attaches to ribosome

19
Q

What is the second step of translation

A

Elongation- More amino acids are being attached thru peptide bonds forming the protien

20
Q

what is the third step of translation

A

Termination- goes thru until the stop codon is hit (UAA, UAG, UGA)

21
Q

what happens to the things after termination

A

mRNA broken down, Ribosome splits into small units

22
Q

What is a mutation

A

It is a change in an organism because of chemical change in gene structure

23
Q

What happens to the DNA in a gene mutation

A

A nucleotide is added, deleted or substituted in the DNA code

24
Q

What is it called when a nucleotide is added, deleted or substituted in the DNA code

A

Frameshift

25
Q

Example of a mutation

A

Sickle cell anemia: one amino acid is different in the hemoglobin molecule, causing round blood cells to be sickle shaped

26
Q

What are two types of mutations

A

Chromosomal mutations and gene mutations

27
Q

what are gene mutations

A

when a mutation only affects a single gene

28
Q

what are chromosomal mutations

A

when chromosomes are broken and reformed abnormally

29
Q

what are mutagens

A

an external factor causing mutation in humans (ex. UV light, X-rays, Dioxins etc)

Bio 12 (12 decks)

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