Cell Structure and function Flashcards
What are 3 parts of cell theory
1) all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2) cell is the basic unit of life
3) cells come from division of pre existing cells
what instrument is information gathered from
light microscope
what is a eukaryotic cell
contains nuclei and other membrane bound organelles (genetic material is organized into chromosomes)
4 structures of eukaryotic cell
1) cell membrane
2) nucleus
3) organelles
4) cytoplam
What is the fluid mosaic model
model of cell membrane
what is the lipid bilayer
dbl lipid layer on cell membrane
what do carbs do on outside surface of cell membrane
carbs anchored or suspended on surface of cell membrane layer
what are functions of cell membrane
1) transport in and out of cell
2)communication recognition
3) homeostasis
why willcell membrane let some substances in but not others
it is selectively permeable
what is extra cell layer of plant cells, and what are thety made of
cell wall, made of cellulose fibers
what does semi permeable mean
small molecules can pass through while larger ones may not be able to
what does selectively permeable mean
will let some substances in but not others of the same size
what is surrounding the nucelus + how many layers
nucleic membrane, 2 layers
what is purpose of nuclear pores
protien in, mRNA out
what is the nucleolus function
manufacture RNA (RNA synthesis)`
how is DNA organized
coiled up by histones which are called chromatin
what is chromatin
DNA + Histones
What are histones
a protein that coils up DNA
what is the function of nucelus
metabolism
growth
differentiation
structure
reproduction
Where is ER found
just outside of nucleus and expands into cytoplam
what is function of the SER
Lipid synthesis
Detox drugs + chemicals
function of RER
protein synthesis
why is SER so folded
to increases surface area where chemical reactions can occur
ER channels provide what benefit to the cell
storage space + transportation routes
why do proteins go to golgi after made by RER
they are not mature enough, must undergo further processing before they can perform functions
what is structure of ribosomes
consist of rRNA +Proteins, each ribosome is made of 2 non-identical subunits
what are polysomes
produce proteins used inside cell, made of clusters of ribosomes, free floating in cytoplasm
function of golgi app
-modification
-assembly
-packaging
-storage
-secretion
-(receive proteins from ER and modify, package into vessicles, then send out of cell) this is called exocytosis
what are saccuoles
-looks like flattened sac of hollow tubes in golgi
-contains enzymes that modify proteins
how does vessicle leave cell from golgi
exocytosis
how are vessicles and vacuoles formed
1) from pinching off golgi
2) endocytosis of cell memb
3) extention of ER
what are lysosomes (cellular stomach)
-special vessicle formed in golgi
-conatin powerful hydrolytic enzymes
-contain 40 diff enzymes
function of lysosomes
-cellular and auto digestion
-breakdown of whole cell
- destroy invading bacteria
what are peroxisomes
single membrane organelles that make hydrogen peroxide during cellular metabolism, Peroxisomes then break it down into water and oxygen
What organelle provides cell with energy
Mitochondria
What is the inner membrane of mitochondria called
Cristae
In cellular respiration what two things make ATP
converts glucose and fatty acids into ATP
how many ATP is produced
38
(T or F) Mitochondria are self replication and reproduce by splitting in half
T
(T or F) Mitochondria have double helix DNA
F (DNA is circular)
(T or F) Mitochondria evolved from bacteria
T
Where are chloroplats found
in plant cells only
what are the functions of chloroplasts
Make energy for plant cells (photosynthesis)
what is a chloroplast
-Double membrane organelle where photosynthesis occurs (chlorophyll is the chemical that absorbs the energy)
-process is basically the opposite of cellular resporation
chloroplast structure
stacks of grana inside (looks like pancakes) where chlorophyll is located, each pancake is called a thylakoid
which cell are centrioles found
animal cells
what are 2 main functions of centrioles
-give rise to basal bodies
-assist in formation of spindle apparatus in cell division
describe and name the function of cilia
-short, hair like projections that function in cell movement
-membrane bound cylinder
beat stiffly, like oars
describe and name the function of flagella
-longer than cilia, but same basic anatomy
-beat in whip like motion
function in cell movement (Eg. Sperm)
what are the functions of the cytoskeleton
-maintain shape
-anchor organelles
-help organelles move
cytoskeleton is made of
Microtubules and Microfilaments
what are the functions of microtubules
-give cell shape and form
-moving material within cell and cytoskeleton structure
what are the functions of microfilaments
-movement of cells (internal and external)
-anchor organelles and moving them within the cell
what are 2 classes of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
what are the differences between prok and euk cells
1) Prok: include bacteria and blue-green algae
-are single celled, lack nucleusand other membrane bound substructures, DNA is circular
2) euk: Include planats, animals, protozoa, and fungi
-contain nuclei and other membrane bound organelles
DNA is organized into chromosomes
what are the subunits of grana in the chloroplast called
thylakoid
