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Bio 12 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breaking down of food into particles small enough for the body to absorb

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2
Q

What is absorption

A

when the small molecules pass from the lumen of the gut into the blood or lymph

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3
Q

what is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion

A

mechanical= the physical breaking down of injested food by things like teeth or stomach thurning
Chemical= the use of the bodys hydrolytic enzymes and HCl to break down food

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4
Q

What is a hydrolytic enzyme

A

an enzyme that breaks down macromolecules by adding water

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5
Q

what is the enzyme in saliva

A

Salivary amylase

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6
Q

What is a substrate of salivary amylase and what are the products

A

substrate is starch
products are maltose
(starch+h2o=maltose)

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7
Q

What is peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of muscle contractions that pushes food down the esophagus

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8
Q

What are 3 functions of the stomach

A

1) stores food until small intestine is ready for another small quantity
2) churns the food with its muscles mixing it with gastric secretions
3) produces gastric juices containing HCl

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9
Q

what does HCl do in the stomach

A

kills bacteria
breaks down connective tissue
creates an acidic environment which activates the digestive enzyme pepsin

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10
Q

what does pepsin do in the stomach

A

breaks down proteins into peptides

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11
Q

How is pepsin made

A

gastric juices produced by gastric gland in stomach consist of HCl, pepsinogen, and water. The HCl mixes with pepsinogen to make the active enzyme pepsin

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12
Q

What is the Pharynx

A

region between mouth and esophagus where swallowing occurs

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13
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea when swallowing

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14
Q

what is the cardiac sphincter

A

circular muscle that can open and close the control movement of food into stomach from esophagus.

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15
Q

What is the esophagus

A

a long muscular tube that uses perstalsis to send food from mouth to stomach

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16
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

a precursor molecule of gastric juice that forms pepsin when mixed with HCl

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17
Q

Where does the majority of digestion take place

A

In the duodenum

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18
Q

3 parts of the small intestine are

A

duodenum
jejenum
ilium

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19
Q

what controls the flow of material into the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter at bottom of stomach, opens periodically to empty some chyme into duodenum

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20
Q

the material the enters the duodenum is called

A

chyme

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21
Q

what is the funtion of the duodenum

A

secretions from liver (bile) and pancreas break down fats and peptides

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22
Q

what does the liver produce for the duodenum

A

bile

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23
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsifying agent for fats to break up

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24
Q

what sodium compound does pancreatic juice contain

A

NaHCO3

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25
Q

what does NaHCO3 do

A

Neutralize acid chyme and makes small intestine pH basic

26
Q

what 3 enzymes do pancreatic juice contain

A

Pancreatic amylase
trypsin
Lipase

27
Q

what is the function of pancreatic amylase

A

digest starch to maltose

28
Q

what is the function of trypsin

A

digests pepsin to peptides

29
Q

what is the function of lipase

A

digests fat to fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

what are two important intestinal juice enzymes and their funtions are

A

Peptidases: degest pepsin to amino acids
Maltose: digests maltose to glucose

31
Q

where does absorption take place

A

across each villus into blood and lymph vessels

32
Q

is absorption passive? what does it require?

A

-can happen passively or when activates
-active transport requires ATP

33
Q

Where do sugars and amino acids go when absorbed

A

into the blood via capillaries

34
Q

where do glycerol and fatty acids go when absorbed

A

recombined into lipids and enter lacteal (leads to lymph system)

35
Q

what is the function of the hepatic portal

A

blood vessels from velli merge to hepatic portal vein which carries nutrients to the liver

36
Q

what are 6 functions of the liver

A

-produce bile
-keeps blood glucose constant
-detoxifies blood
-destroys old RBCs
produces urea (deamination of AAs)
-makes blood protiens from AAs

37
Q

what is the main different function of the large intestine from the small

A

the large does not absorb nutrients like the small but instead absorbs water.

38
Q

what is the main bacteria in the large intestine

A

e.coli

39
Q

where is gastrin released from and why

A

from the gastric gland in upper stomach
it perfroms secretion of gastric juices (pepsinogen and HCl)

40
Q

what are carbs broken into

A

glucose

41
Q

what are fats broken into

A

glycerol+fatty acids

42
Q

what are proteins broken into

A

AAs

43
Q

what are the two sphincters at the top and bottom of the stomach

A

pylroic sphincter (bottom)
cardiac sphincter (top)

44
Q

what substance does the stomach digest

A

proteins (breaks them down into smaller chains of amino acids (peptides))

45
Q

what are 2 pancreatic secretions

A

pancreatic juice
Insulin and glucagon

46
Q

what is the function of e coli in the large intestine.

A

break donw indigestable foods, produces vitamins, AAs and other growth factors that get absorbed by the colon

47
Q

what blood vessels do products of digestion enter

A

most of the digestive process enters the capillary system, fats and fat soluble nutrients diffuse into the lymphatic vessels

48
Q

what problems would occur if the liver stopped functioning

A

blood woulf become toxic
fats cant be broken down (no bile)
blood glucose would not be constant
plasma protien + cholesterol would not be produced

49
Q

Carb digestion

A

Mouth: salivary amylose breaks down starch to maltose
-Pancreatic amylose does the same
-Intestinal glands produce maltose that digests maltose to glucose
-glucose absorbed by blood vessels

50
Q

protein digestion

A

-pepsin in stomach breaks down protein into polypeptide
-trypsin breaks polypeptide into a peptide
-peptidases from intestinal land break peptides into amino acids
-AAs are absorbed into bloodstream thru villi

51
Q

Fat digestion

A

-enters duodenum where bile salts break fat down into droplets
-fat droplets are broken into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase in pancreatic juice
-glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed by lacteals and enter lymphatic system

52
Q

Salivary amylase breaks down what to what

A

starch to maltose

53
Q

pepsin breaks down what to what

A

proteins to peptides

54
Q

peptidase breaks down what to what

A

peptides to amino acids

55
Q

maltose breaks down what to what

A

maltose to glucose

56
Q

lipase breaks down what to what

A

fats to glycerol/fatty acids

57
Q

trypsin breaks down what to what

A

polypeptides to peptides

58
Q

pancreatic amylose breaks down what to what

A

starch to maltose

59
Q

What part covers the trachea when swallowing

A

epiglottis

60
Q

What is the movement of the esophagus when swallowing called

A

peristalsis

Bio 12 (12 decks)

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