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Biology Honors > DNA Mutations + Sickle Cell > Flashcards

DNA Mutations + Sickle Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three gene point mutations?

A

Substitution, insertion, and deletion

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2
Q

What gene point mutation is associated with sickle cell anemia?

A

Substitution

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3
Q

What is substitution/Missense mutation?

A

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand

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4
Q

What is deletion?

A

One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during replication or otherwise excised, often resulting in a frameshift

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5
Q

What is insertion?

A

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA, often resulting in a frameshift

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6
Q

What does a “sickle-cell” red blood cell look like?

A

It’s crescent shaped (or sickle shaped) and it forms clots and blockages.

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7
Q

What happens to the hemoglobin when someone has sickle cell anemia?

A

The hemoglobin clumps up and forms long rods instead of healthy, round red blood cells.

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8
Q

What is the hemoglobin?

A

The proteins in the blood

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9
Q

What are the nucleotides in a DNA strand?

A

they are the letters (ex. C from the codon CCT)

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10
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in DNA or RNA

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11
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In the nucleus

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12
Q

Where are codons located?

A

Codons are present on the mRNA and DNA strands

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13
Q

What are all of the types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

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14
Q

What is the process called when DNA is translated to mRNA?

A

Transcription

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15
Q

What is the process called for when mRNA is translated to amino acid (or polypeptide)?

A

Translation

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16
Q

Where are the ribosomes located and what happens to the mRNA strands there?

A

Ribosomes are located at the cytoplasm and it is where translation occurs after have transcribed the DNA.

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17
Q

What is the enzyme that is used during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

What enzyme separates (or “unzips”) the two strands of the DNA double helix?

A

DNA helicase

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19
Q

What enzyme makes mRNA from DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

What does a DNA polymerase do?

A

Adds nucleotides one by one to the DNA chain

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21
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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22
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid and is a short and single stranded molecule

23
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

24
Q

What enzyme is used during translation?

A

Ribosomes are used during translation

25
Q

What is a mutation that changes a nucleotide but does not change the amino acid?

A

A Silent mutation

26
Q

Which enzyme connects pieces of the lagging strand

A

Ligase

27
Q

The process by which cells make proteins

A

Protein synthesis

28
Q

The building block of proteins.

A

Amino acids

29
Q

The nitrogenous base that is found only in RNA.

A

Uracil (U)

30
Q

What is mRNA produced by?

A

By transcription

31
Q

What does tRNA carry?

A

carries amino acids to ribosome

32
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA that codes for a protein → traits

33
Q

Protein

A

made from a sequence of amino acids (aka polypeptide)

34
Q

DNA

A

long, double-stranded molecule that stores all of an organism’s protein instructions

35
Q

Mutation

A

any change in the DNA code; may be positive, neutral or negative depending on how it impacts the structure of the protein

36
Q

Point Mutation

A

single nucleotide change (substitution=swap)

37
Q

Nondisjunction

A

process by which chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis (having one extra or one less chromosome).

38
Q

Autosomes

A

referring to first 22 pairs of chromosomes, does not include sex chromosomes

39
Q

Co-dominant and Incomplete Dominance

A

A heterozygous inheritance that results in a new, mixed phenotype different from either parent. Codominace (red + white = red and white) and Incomplete Dominance (red + white = pink).

40
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which haploid gametes are formed

41
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which two diploid somatic cells are produced for growth and repair

42
Q

46

A

The number of chromosomes in a human body cell

43
Q

23

A

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete cell

44
Q

Diploid

A

Two copies of each chromosome

45
Q

Haploid

A

One copy of each chromosome (half the normal chromosome #)

46
Q

(Law of) Segregation of Alleles

A

The random sorting and pairing of chromosomes during Meiosis

47
Q

A, B, O

A

The multiple alleles which control blood type in humans

48
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid sex cell

49
Q

Crossing-Over

A

When segments of DNA are exchanged between chromosomes during Meiosis

50
Q

Fertilization

A

Process by which haploid gametes combine to form a diploid zygote

51
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

one or more nucleotides are deleted or inserted into a gene, lengthening or shortening the entire sequence

52
Q

Chromosomes

A

supercoiled, condensed DNA

53
Q

Independent Assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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