Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy Y2- Exam 3 > DNA mutation and repair > Flashcards

DNA mutation and repair Flashcards

1
Q

what are nucleic acid?

A

they are polymers of nucleotide with very specific functions in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 types of nucliec acid?

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is DNA?

A

genetic material that stores information regrading its own replication and order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is RNA?

A

there are different types they are involved protein synthesis and control of gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the similaries between DNA and RNA?

A

both have a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate backbone and 4 bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some difference between DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA is found in chromosomes RNA location depends on its function
  • bases are A,T,G,C in DNA, in RNA its A,U,G,C
  • sugar is deoxyribose in DNA in RNA its ribose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many hydrogen bond are there between A and T?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many hydrogen bond are there between G and C?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does protein interaction occur along the back bone?

A

in the major groove as proteins can fit in there as its larger than the minor groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of DNA?

A
  • it encodes proteins
  • replication for reproduction growth and repair
  • used genetic information for heredity mechanism
  • for mutations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is on the 5 prime?

A

phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how much of our genome codes for proteins?

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the different types of RNA?

A

rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is rRNA function and where is it located?

A

participate in protein synthesis and is located in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is mRNA function and where is it located?

A

codes for proteins and is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is tRNA function and where is it located?

A

used in protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids and are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the genome?

A

the complete set of genetic information in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when might RNA encode for the organism genetic information?

A

in small viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how big is the nucleus in a typical human cell?

A

5 micrometers in diameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is our DNA packed into?

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the different arms on a chromsome?

A

p shorter arm

q longer arm

22
Q

how is DNA packed up?

A

highly coiled and folded around protein called histones to from a nucleosome

23
Q

what is chromatin?

A

when the nucleosomes are packed together which is then packed up again to make chromosomes

24
Q

what are nucleosomes made up of?

A

when DNA wraps around a central core of 8 histone proteins to form a single nucleosome

25
Q

what are the different types of histones proteins?

A

H2A H2B H3 H4

26
Q

what does H1 do?

A

packs the nucleosome all together

27
Q

what does a gene do?

A

a region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA

28
Q

what is the function of the non-coding regions?

A
  • regulation of gene expression
  • redundancy
  • miRNA
  • epigenetic
  • stability
29
Q

what are the main steps to get from DNA to a protein?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA

then its translated from RNA to a protein

30
Q

what is an exon?

A

the coding regions

31
Q

what is a promotor?

A

they control transcription and whether or not it will occur

32
Q

what is a TATA box?

A

allows the formation of RNA polymerase to bind to start transcription

33
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

it generate different protein products from the same gene by combining different combinations of exons

34
Q

what cell cycle phase does DNA replication occur in?

A

the S phase

35
Q

what is semi-conservative replication?

A

when DNA acts as a template for its own duplication where there is a daughter and parent strand

36
Q

how does DNA replication occur? enzymes used to explain steps

A
  • topoisomerase decoils the DNA and DNA helicase breaks H-binding between pairs
  • DNA primase attaches the RNA primer so synthesis can occur
  • DNA polymerase will allow free nucleotides to join the template strands
  • DNA ligase forms phosodiester bonds between shorter nucleotides
  • DNA telomerase replicates DNA at the end of chromsomes
37
Q

how many origins of replication is there?

A

around 20,000 and they are normally A-T rich

38
Q

what direction can DNA polymerase work?

A

5’ to 3’

39
Q

what is a leading strand?

A

when the template strand is able to bind to free nucleotides as DNA polymerase is working in the 5’ to 3’ direction

40
Q

what is the lagging strand?

A

when okazaki fragments which is about 200bases are made due to DNA polymerase only working from 5’ to 3’ so having to work back on its self and the daughter strand taking longer to make

41
Q

what steps are needed to be repeated for lagging strand to synthesis to the DNA?

A
  • primer synthesis
  • elongation
  • primer removal
  • ligation
42
Q

what are the repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes?

A

telomeres

43
Q

what is used in order for repair of a damaged base?

A

the template strand

44
Q

what are the 3 main steps for DNA repair?

A
  • excision
  • resynthesis
  • ligation
45
Q

during DNA repair what enzyme recognises the altered base?

A

DNA glycosylase

46
Q

how does DNA glycosylase work?

A

by cutting the glycosidic bond between the base and the sugar and loses the base

47
Q

what does AP endonuclease and phosphodiesterase do?

A

the remove the sugar and the phosphate

48
Q

what are the different DNA repair mechanisms?

A
  • base excision repair
  • nucleotide excision repair
  • non-homologous recombinational repair
  • homologous recombinational repair
49
Q

what happens during base excision repair?

A

when just one base is missing as a result of deamination and AP endonuclease and phosphdiesterase remove the sugar phosphate and DN polymerase adds new nucleotides DNA ligase selas them

50
Q

what happens during nucelotide excision repair?

A

-enzymes recognise a bulky lesion like a dimer. exonuclease excises nucleotides around lision and DNA helicase peels it away from the double helix

51
Q

what happens during non-homologous recombination repair?

A

occurs in G1

  • overhanging single strand DNA ends are degraded
  • results in loss of one or more nucleotides and cause juxtaposition
52
Q

what happens during homoglous recombination repair?

A

occurs in S/G1 overhanging. The cell is provided with a copy and recombined into damaged DNA= fully repaired strand

Pharmacy Y2- Exam 3 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions