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Pharmacy Y2- Exam 3 > Cell cycle control > Flashcards

Cell cycle control Flashcards

1
Q

what is the length of cell cycle?

A

in embryonic cells its 2hrs
in adults its around 20-24hrs
some cells are permanetly arrested at G0 e.g. nerves, muscles

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2
Q

what occurs at interphase G1?

A

-cells grow and doubles the number of organelles

cell increase in size

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3
Q

what occurs in interphase G2?

A
  • cell increases in size again
  • produce lots of tubulin
  • centrosome is duplicated and both copies remain together on one side of the nucleus
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4
Q

what are the 3 classes of spindle microtubles?

A

1-astral, contribute to pole seperation
2-kinetochore, attach to kinetochore on duplicate chromosome
3-overlap microtubules (interpolar), overlap at the equator and responsible for bipolar shape of the spindle

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5
Q

where are mitotic spindle made?

A

in the microtubles

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6
Q

what occurs during phase S?

A

-DNA replicates and each chromosome duplicates

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7
Q

what is the effect of drugs on mitotic spindle?

A

they’ll stabilise them or destabilise them

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8
Q

what are the different types of microtubule motor proteins?

A

kinesins- walk towards the positive end

dyneins- move towards the negative end of the microtubule

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9
Q

what are the stages in mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
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10
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A

the replication chromosomes condense

  • mitotic spindle assembles between the 2 centrosomes which begin to move apart
  • the aster and over MTs
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11
Q

what occurs during prometaphase?

A
  • breakdown of the nuclear envelope

- random probing MT encountering a chromsome will bind to it and will eventually attach to the kinetochore

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12
Q

what occurs during metaphase?

A
  • Kinetochore MT’s attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle
  • chromosomes align along the equator of spindle
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13
Q

what occurs during anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids separate and pulled to each pole
  • kinetochore MT’s shorten by depolymerisation
  • interpolar MT’s grow and push spindle further apart
  • astral MT’s pull the spindle pole versus the cell periphery attaching to the cell cortex
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14
Q

what occurs during telophase?

A
  • sister chromatids arrive at each pole
  • nuclear envolpe starts to reform around them
  • cyctoplasm begins to divid with the formation of the contractile ring
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15
Q

what occurs during cytokinesis?

A
  • myosin accumulates and begins to form a contractile ring with actin
  • the cytoplasm divides by the contractile ring
  • each daughter cell will receive a complement of organelles
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16
Q

how do cells control the activity of their proteins?

A

via phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation

17
Q

what are the 2 other ways proteins can be switched off?

A
  • binding to an inhibitory protein that keeps it inactive

- by targeting for degradation by attaching an ubiquitin so the protein goes to the proteasome for recycling in the cell

18
Q

what are the 3 proteins that help control the cell cycle?

A
  • cyclins
  • cyclin dependant kinases
  • cyclin kinase inhibitors
19
Q

during what phase in the cell cycle is the amount of cyclin increasing ?

A

during interphase G1/2)

20
Q

how are cyclin dependant kinase activated?

A

-by cyclin attaching to it and going through a number of phosphorylation

21
Q

what are the 2 types of cyclin kinase inhibitors?

A
  • INK CDK inhibitors

- KIP/CIP inhibitors

22
Q

what are the cell cycle checkpoints?

A
  • replication of DNA
  • chromosome segregation
  • continue proliferation
  • DNA damage checkpoint
23
Q

what needs to occurs during replication of DNA and what phase does it occur in?

A
  • happens in S phase
  • controlled by S-CKD complex
  • cyclin A bound to CDK2
24
Q

what needs to occurs during chromosome segregation and what phase does it occur in?

A
  • happens at M phase
  • controlled by M-CDK
  • cyclin B needs to be bound to CKD1
25
Q

what needs to occurs during continue proliferation and what phase does it occur in?

A
  • happens in progression from G1 to S
  • controlled by G1-CDK
  • cyclin D needs to be bound to CDK 4 and 6 and Rb
26
Q

what needs to occurs during DNA damage checkpoint and what phase does it occur in?

A

-happens during progression from G1 to S

27
Q

what triggers DNA replication to occur?

A

S-CDK triggers DNA replication recruiting DNA polymerase and blocks rereplication CAUSING BREAK DOWN AND DEGRATION OF cDC6

28
Q

what does M-CDK complex do?

A
  • inhibits mitosis if DNA replicataion is incomplete
  • triggers chromosomes to condense
  • triggers the phosphorylation of proteins in the MT to become stable
  • -triggers nuclear envelop breakdown

Pharmacy Y2- Exam 3 (22 decks)

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