DNA, Cellular Specialization and Mitosis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

How many cells do adult humans have?

A

About 60 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Tissue is made up of specialized cells with the same function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the types of tissues? (4)

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue? Where can we find it?

A

Function: It covers and protects the outside and the inside of the body. Absorbs, secretes and filters.
Locations: Skin and digestive tract lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions (2) of connective tissue? Where can we find it?

A

Functions: It binds and supports tissues and organs. It also provides protein and nutrients.
Locations: Bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions (2) of nerve tissue? Where can we find it?

A

Function: It guides and controls body activity. It receives stimuli and transmits messages.
Locations: Spinal cord and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the functions (2) of muscle tissue? Where can we find it?

A

Functions: It allows the body to move. It can contract and regain shape.
Locations: Organs, heart, skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Smooth (organs)
  • Cardiac (heart)
  • Skeletal (bones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an organ? (+ Examples)

A

An organ is a group of different tissues made to do one function.
Examples: stomach, liver, lungs, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a system? (+ Examples)

A

A system s a group of organs and tissues working together to accomplish a common goal.
Examples: Respiratory, cardiovascular, circulatory, lymphatic, digestive, nervous, reproductive, excretory, endocrine (hormones), etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give the order or cellular organization. (Smallest to largest)

A

Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is responsible for keeping us alive?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do cells divide? (3)

A

1) Increase cell count for growth
2) Regenerate damaged tissue
3) Makes sexual reproduction possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase

- M Phase (Mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during interphase? (3)

A

The cell is getting ready to divide. DNA is replicating.

  • G1 phase: Growth + preparing DNA for replicating
  • S phase: Synthesis (DNA replicating)
  • G2 phase: Growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during the M phase? (4)

A
Actual cell division
P → Prophase 
M → Metaphase 
A →  Anaphase 
T →  Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Rod-like structures made of condensed DNA strands

18
Q

What are the parts of chromosomes?

A
  • Each rod is a chromatid
  • The center where the two rods meet is called the centromere.
  • Each one is an exact copy
    (Chromatid: I, Chromosomes: X, • : Centromere)
19
Q

What are chromosome pairs?

A

We have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent.

20
Q

Explain the 22 numbered chromosomes, as well as the 23rd.

A
  • 22 of your chromosomes are numbered

- The 23rd determines biological gender (XX=F, XY=M)

21
Q

What are the 4 bases of your DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine,
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
22
Q

How do the base pairs bind?

A
  • Adenine + thymine

- Cytosine + guanine

23
Q

What do the base pairs hold?

A

Genetic material

24
Q

How many possibilities are there for base pairs? How many genes exist?

A
  • 3 billion base pair sequences

- 100 000 genes

25
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genetic information of an individual or species.

26
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that contains the genetic information required to carry out a particular job.

27
Q

How many genes does the human body have?

A

30 000 genes

28
Q

What does each gene contain?

A

Each gene contains the necessary information to make proteins. Each protein has a specific job.

29
Q

What are proteins responsible for? (3)

A
  • Physical features
  • Hormones
  • How we develop
30
Q

Give the organization for genetic material. (Smallest to largest)

A

DNA → Genes → Chromosomes → Genome

31
Q

Why does genetic diversity exist?

A

Every gene can exist in different variations which is what gives us our unique look.

32
Q

What increases genetic diversity?

A

Sexual reproduction. The bigger the population, the more diverse it is.

33
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The cell division process that leads to a diploid cell. (Diploid means 2!)

34
Q

What’s the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

Diploid cells have 2 copies of each gene.
All human cells are diploid except for the sex cells.
Sex cells are haploid. (Haploid means ½ info, 1 copy of each gene)

Single rods → haploid cell
Pairs of rods → diploid cell

35
Q

Why do cells multiply in this process?

A

To ensure growth and tissue repair. (Ex: Muscle tissue, epithelial tissue).

36
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A

Prophase → “Pre = Before”

  • The DNA condenses
  • The nuclear membrane disappears
37
Q

What happens in the metaphase?

A

Metaphase → “Middle”

- Chromosomes Align (form a line in the MIDDLE)

38
Q

What happens in the anaphase?

A

Anaphase → “Away”

  • Splitting of the chromosomes
  • Detach (ANA means to move back)
39
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A
Telophase → “Two”
- New nuclear membranes are formed
- The DNA condenses
The cell divides in 2!
2 copies of each gene
40
Q

What is the result of “PMAT” (Mitosis/M Phase)?

A

Result → 2 daughter cells that are diploid

41
Q

What do we call it when cells split?

A

Cytokinesis