DNA basics Flashcards

1
Q

Parts/ structure of the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope (double membrane) with pores
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin network (DNA and proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The general structure of DNA

A
  • A very long molecule
  • Double strand resembling a ladder
  • Twisted into a helix (I.e. a double helix)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a polymer?

A

A molecule that contains monomers which are similar units or building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleotides are made up of?

A
  • A phosphate
  • A deoxyribose sugar
  • A nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The different nitrogenous bases of DNA.

A
  • A adenine
  • T thymine
  • C cytosine
  • G guanine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Purine bases

A
  • Larger
  • A and G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pyramidines

A
  • smaller
  • C and T
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The pairing of nitrogenous bases of DNA and how many bonds for each?

A
  • A with T (2 H-bonds)
  • G with C (3 H-bonds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The name of the bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: mutations are always harmful

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of mutations

A
  • Point: single nucleotide change
  • Substitution: replacing one (or more) nucleotide(s) with another
  • Deletion: deleting one (or more) nucleotide(s) from the DNA
  • Insertion: adding one (or more) nucleotide(s) into the DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Frame shift

A

A change in the way codons are read because nucleotide triplets shift as a result of a deletion or insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of mutations

A
  • exposure to radiation,
  • viruses,
  • faulty copying during transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mutation (definition)

A

Change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

17
Q

The effect of a mutation could be…

A
  • beneficial - the change results in a new adaptation that makes the organism better suited to its environment (natural selection will favour this mutation)
  • neutral - no change as the same amino acid is coded for
  • harmful - the change results in a different protein, or no protein, being produced, which is harmful to the organism lethal - the change results in a non-viable cell/ zygote/ organism, which therefore dies.
18
Q

A change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

A

Mutation

19
Q

Where is DNA found?

A
  • Nuclear DNA in the nucleus
  • Extranuclear DNA in mitochondria