Core Terminology 10: Reproduction

Question 1

Reproductive strategy

Answer 1

the method by which species ensure that sufficient young survive to make up the next generation

Question 2

Fertilisation

Answer 2

fusion of male gamete(n) with a female gamete (n) to produce a zygote (2n)

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

product of a fertilised egg

Question 4

Embryo

Answer 4

the zygote that divides into many cells by mitosis

Question 5

External fertilisation

Answer 5

fertilisation outside the female body

Question 6

Internal fertilisation

Answer 6

fertilisation inside the female body

Question 7

Amniotic egg

Answer 7

A type of egg where the embryo develops inside a fluid-filled sac which is surrounded by a shell

Question 8

Oviparous (egg-laying)

Answer 8

embryo develops in an egg, outside the female?s body

Question 9

Viviparous

Answer 9

embryo develops inside a uterus inside the female?s body; young are born live

Question 10

Ovoviviparous

Answer 10

has eggs with shells, but these are not laid, they are held inside the female?s body until they hatch

Question 11

Precocial development

Answer 11

young that are born are able to see, move and look after themselves

Question 12

Altricial development

Answer 12

young are not fully developed, born helpless, cannot move around or feed themselves

Question 13

Parental care

Answer 13

pattern where parents spend their time feeding and protecting their offspring to ensure that more survive.

Question 14

Testes

Answer 14

male reproductive organs where sperm is produced

Question 15

Sperm cells

Answer 15

male gametes

Question 16

Testosterone

Answer 16

male hormones responsible for secondary male characteristics

Question 17

Scrotum

Answer 17

sac-like structure enclosing the testes

Question 18

Spermatogenesis

Answer 18

process whereby sperm is formed in the testes

Question 19

Epidydimis

Answer 19

stores sperm

Question 20

Vas deferens (sperm duct)

Answer 20

transports sperm from the epidydimis to urethra

Question 21

Prostate gland

Answer 21

produces alkaline fluid which is added to sperm; protects against the acidity of vagina; increases mobility of sperm

Question 22

Cowpers gland

Answer 22

secretes mucous which is added to semen for nutrition

Question 23

seminal vesicles

Answer 23

secretes fluid to make sperm more mobile

Question 24

penis

Answer 24

transfers sperm to vagina during copulation

Question 25

puberty

Answer 25

period between 11 -13 years when sexual maturity is reached

Question 26

vasectomy

Answer 26

- male sterilisation (surgical)

Question 27

ovaries

Answer 27

female reproductive organs for production of ova/eggs; meiosis

Question 28

ova/ovum

Answer 28

female gametes/ egg cells (n)

Question 29

oogenesis

Answer 29

production of egg cells

Question 30

Fallopian tubes

Answer 30

transports ovum from ovary to uterus; fertilisation takes place

Question 31

Uterus/womb

Answer 31

for implantation and development of foetus; contracts during child birth

Question 32

Endometrium

Answer 32

inner wall/ lining of uterus

Question 33

cervix

Answer 33

opening between uterus and vagina; dilates during child birth

Question 34

vagina

Answer 34

sperm deposited here; birth canal

Question 35

Gametogenesis

Answer 35

formation of gametes through meiosis

Question 36

ovulation

Answer 36

process whereby a ripe ovum is released from the ovary; controlled by LH; usually +/- Day 14.

Question 37

fertilisation

Answer 37

process where a male gamete (n) fuses with a female gamete (n) to produce a zygote (2n)

Question 38

morula

Answer 38

mass/ball of cells as a result of mitotic division of the zygote

Question 39

Blastocyst

Answer 39

hollow ball of cells formed from the mitotic division of the morula

Question 40

embryo

Answer 40

first 8 weeks of development

Question 41

foetus

Answer 41

from 8 weeks to birth

Question 42

pregnancy/gestation

Answer 42

duration/ period from fertilisation to birth

Question 43

FSH

Answer 43

follicle stimulating hormone; secreted by hypophysis; stimulates the 10 follicle to develop to a ripe follicle (Graafian follicle)

Question 44

LH

Answer 44

Lutenising Hormone; secreted by hypophysis; stimulates ovulation; development of Corpus luteum

Question 45

Graafian Follicle

Answer 45

contains the ripe ovum; secretes oestrogen

Question 46

Oestrogen

Answer 46

hormone secreted by graafian follicle; causes the thickening of endometrium for implantation; secondary female characteristics

Question 47

Corpus luteum

Answer 47

an empty follicle; secretes progesterone

Question 48

Progesterone

Answer 48

hormone secreted by corpus luteum; maintains the lining of the endometrium; inhibits FSH

Question 49

Menstrual cycle

Answer 49

a 28-day cycle in the female reproductive system; consist of uterine and ovarian cycle

Question 50

menstruation

Answer 50

process where endometrium together with unfertilised egg is secreted by the body through bleeding

Question 51

Amnion

Answer 51

inner membrane that surrounds the foetus

Question 52

Amniotic fluid

Answer 52

fluid in amniotic sac for protection of foetus

Question 53

Chorion

Answer 53

outer membrane that plays a role in the formation of the placenta

Question 54

placenta

Answer 54

mixture of maternal and embryonic tissue; for nutrition, gaseous exchange; excretion, micro-filter

Question 55

Umbilical cord

Answer 55

joins foetus to placenta; carries waste and blood from foetus to placenta

Question 56

Acrosome

Answer 56

part of the sperm which produces digestive enzymes to dissolve the membrane of the ovum

Question 57

germinal epithelium

Answer 57

layer within ovary that is responsible for formation of ova through meiosis

Question 58

Tubular ligation

Answer 58

sterilisation in females where the fallopian tubes are cut to prevent pregnancy