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DMD 5242 > DNA And RNA > Flashcards

DNA And RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar and base

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2
Q

How to break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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3
Q

How to make polymers

A

Condensation/hydrolysis

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4
Q

Directionality of DNA

A

5’-3’ anti parallel strands

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5
Q

Hydrophobicity of DNA

A

Backbone - hydrophilic

Bases - hydrophobic

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C, U, T

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7
Q

Purines

A

A G

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8
Q

Structure of adenine

A

Two ring with nh2 substituent

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9
Q

Structure of guanine

A

Two ring with carboxy substituent

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10
Q

Structure of thymine

A

Single ring with methyl group and carboxy substituent

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11
Q

Structure of cytosine

A

Single ring with nh2 substituent

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12
Q

Structure of uracil

A

Single ring with carboxy substituent (like thymine with no methyl)

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13
Q

How do bases link?

A

Phosphodiester bonds bt 3’ and 5’ carbon

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonding in DNA

A

A to T has 2 h bonds

G to C has 3 h bonds

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15
Q

How is DNA denatured

A

Heat, pH change, DNA rep

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16
Q

Tm

A

Temperature where half of the DNA denatures

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17
Q

Hershey and chase

A

DNA, not protein, carries genetic info

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18
Q

Meselson and stahl

A

Semi conservative model of DNA synthesis

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19
Q

Nucleosome

A

146 bp wrapping around an octomer of histones

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20
Q

Does DNA synthesis have high fidelity?

A

Yes, error rate 1 in 10^9-10^10

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21
Q

DnaA

A

Promotes denaturation by making a bubble

22
Q

DNA helicase

A

Unwinds DNA by binding ssDNA

23
Q

ssDNA bp

A

Keeps DNA single stranded

24
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Cuts strands to relieve coiling

25
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primers to prime DNA synthesis

26
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Replicates DNA

27
Q

Ligase

A

Links DNA (Okazaki fragments) with phosphodiester bonds

28
Q

T or F. DNA synthesis is bidirectional.

A

Yes. Both strands, 5’ - 3’, at the replication fork

29
Q

DNA pol I

A

DNA polymerase activity
3 - 5 exonuclease activity mediates proofreading
5 - 3 exonuclease activity that can remove RNA primer and repair DNA

30
Q

DNA pol III

A

DNA polymerase activity
3 - 5 exonuclease activity mediates proofreading

Super high processivity (does most of the adding)

31
Q

What does exonuclease activity mean?

A

Can hydrolyzes phosphodiester bonds and can fix and proofread

32
Q

Roles of RNA

A

Transmit genetic info
Store genetic info
Catalyze large macromolecules (rRNA and snRNA)
Gene regulation (mi/siRNA)

33
Q

Non template strand

A

Coding strand of DNA. The mRNA strand will look like this but with u instead of t

34
Q

Template strand

A

Non coding strand of DNA. This is the strand the mRNA will be made from.

35
Q

Polycistronic

A

Refers to prok mRNA in that it will contain info for more than one polypeptide chain

36
Q

Monocistronic

A

Refers to euk mRNA in that it contains info for only one polypeptide chain

37
Q

Parts of tRNA

A

Acceptor stem - charged and where AA is linked
Anticodon loop - base pairs with codon on mRNA
Unique nucleotide bases

38
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

Bidirectional, depending on which strand is the template strand

39
Q

RNA polymerase (prokaryotic)

A

Do not require a primer
No proofreading
Holoenzyme

40
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Sigma and core enzyme

Sigma factor binds to promoting region

41
Q

Promoting region (prokaryotes)

A

-35 and -10 bases upstream the start of transcription

TATA box

42
Q

Initiation steps of transcription (proks)

A

Sigma binds to promoter region of DNA
Sigma opens DNA helix
Sigma leaves, mRNA continues to synthesize (elongation)

43
Q

Termination of transcription (proks)

A

Hairpin forms and pinches off of RNA pol

44
Q

Differences in eukaryotic transcription

A

No sigma factors, but transcription factors
3 RNA polymerases
In nucleus
Processing with 5’ capping, splicing, and 3’ polyadenylation

45
Q

Euk rRNA processing

A

Ribonucelases cleave preribosomal RNA to give different sizes of rRNA

46
Q

Euk mRNA processing

A

5’ cap - maintain stability, exit nucleus, efficient translation
Polyadenylation - transcription termination, translation, stability, exit nucleus, endonuclease and polyadenylate polymerase will synthesize RNA beyond cleavage site
Splicing - get introns out

47
Q

Spliceosome

A

Recognizes introns and exons and will cut and paste exons

Boundary bt introns and exons is very GC rich

48
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Producing 2+ proteins from a single gene

Individual genes express multiple mRNAs

49
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Makes DNA from viral RNA

Very error prone and high mutation rate = drug resistance

50
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar, phosphate, base

DMD 5242 (8 decks)

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