ATP-ETS

Question 1

3 types of catabolic reactions in cellular respiration

Answer 1

Nutrient catabolism
Citrate cycle
Ox phos

Question 2

Net energy gain in glycolysis

Answer 2

2 ATP
2 NADH

For every glucose

Question 3

Net energy gain in B oxidation

Answer 3

1 FADH2
1 NADH

for every 2 C

Question 4

Net energy gain in citrate cycle

Answer 4

1 FADH2
3 NADH
1 ATP

for every turn of the cycle

Question 5

Net ATP in the ETS-Ox phos

Answer 5

1 NADH = 2.5 ATP

1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

Question 6

B oxidation

Answer 6

1. Remove 2 C units as acetyl CoA
2. Acetyl CoA enters CC
3. Resulting NADH and FADH2 enter the ETS

Question 7

Major molecules of CC

Answer 7

Citrate, isocitrate, aKG, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

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Question 8

Metabolic fuels that can enter the CC

Answer 8

AA, glucose, ketones, fatty acids

Question 9

Do AA have to be turned in to acetyl CoA before entering the cycle?

Answer 9

No, they can enter at different points in the cycle, but they can turn into acetyl CoA if they want.

Question 10

Irreversible reactions in the CC

Answer 10

Citrate synthase - no regulators indirect effector (high [NADH] = lowers [OAA and acetyl CoA]
Isocitrate DH - inhibitors - ATP and NADH
aKGDH - inhibitors - ATP/GTP, NADH

Question 11

What reactions produce NADH?

Answer 11

Isocitrate DH, aKGDH, malate DH

Question 12

Electron transport system

Answer 12

Transfer e- by NADH or FADH2 to reduce O2 to H2O

= proton gradient

Question 13

Ox phos

Answer 13

Generation of ATP by ATP synthase with proton gradient from ETS

Question 14

Where does ox phos occur?

Answer 14

IMM

Question 15

Complex I

Answer 15

NADH DH and proton pump
NADH donates hydride ions for proton pumping
CoQ binds complex I and accepts e- donated by NADH hydride

Question 16

CoQ

Answer 16

Non protein
Can do redox reactions and acts as a shuttle between I (and II) to complex III
Lipid soluble, can diffuse easily through membrane

= 4 H+

Question 17

Complex II

Answer 17

Transport e- from FADH2 from CC to CoQ
Not proton pump
Succinate DH

Question 18

Complex III

Answer 18

Reduce heme iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+
E- from CoQ drive proton pumping

= 2 H+

Question 19

CytC

Answer 19

Transports e- from complex III to IV

Question 20

Cellular respiration

Answer 20

The set of metabolic reactions and processes in a cell to convert nutrients into ATP and waste products

Question 21

Complex IV

Answer 21

Cytochrome oxidase
accepts e- from CytC
Iron and copper complex
Reduces O2 to H2O for proton pumping

4 H+

Question 22

ATP synthase F0 subunit

Answer 22

Membrane bound
C subunit - protein rotor, protons enter after 1 turn of motor
A subunit - non rotating channel, protons pass through to enter matrix
Gamma subunit - rotating protein (driven by c subu)

Question 23

ATP synthase F1 subunit

Answer 23

In the matrix

3 pairs of alpha/beta subunits that bind ADP and Pi to make ATP

Question 24

How does the ATP synthase work?

Answer 24

1. Proton passes through the alpha subu into the c subu.
2. Protons binds to c subu causing it to rotate
3. The next c subu releases proton in the matrix and rotates into position next to the a subu
4. All three steps happen 3 times, so the rotor will move 120 degrees. Each 120 rotation, the gamma subu will contact a new pair of alpha/betas in the F1 catalyzing ATP formation

Question 25

How many protons make 1 molecule of ATP in the ATP synthase?

Answer 25

4 H+ = 1 ATP

Question 26

Final electron acceptor in ox phos?

Answer 26

O2 accepts e- and is reduced to H2O

Question 27

Adenine nucleotide translocase

Answer 27

IMM transmembrane protein
Transports ATP out of matrix
Transports ADP into matrix

Question 28

Voltage dependent anion channel

Answer 28

OMM transmembrane protein
Transports anions and ATP for intermemb space to cytoplasm
Transports ADP from cytoplasm into intermemb space

Question 29

Malate aspartate shuttle

Answer 29

1. NADH is converted to NAD+ by reducing OAA to malate
2. Malate is shuttled into the matrix
3. Malate oxidizes to OAA converting mitochondrial NAD+ to NADH
4. Mito NADH donates e- at complex I
5. OAA is converted to aspartate to prevent buildup of OAA in matrix
6. Aspartate exists via aspartate transporter
7. In cytosine, aspartate is converted back into OAA completing cycle

Question 30

How do you get NADH in the matrix from cytosol?

Answer 30

Malate-aspartate shuttle

G3P shuttle

Question 31

G3P shuttle

Answer 31

1. NADH is converted into NAD+ in cytosol from DHAP to G3P reaction
2. G3P is re oxidized by mito G3PDH (bound outside IMM)
3. This reduced FAD to FADH2
4. Mito G3PDH acts like complex II transferring FADH2 e- to CoQ