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1. Medical Science JDW MASTER > DNA and genetic diseases > Flashcards

DNA and genetic diseases Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA an abbreviation for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Name the components of a DNA nucleotide.

A

Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous organic base - guanine, cytosine, adenine or thymine

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3
Q

Name the type of bond formed between complementary bases

A

Hydrogen bond

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4
Q

Name the pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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5
Q

Name the purine bases

A

Guanine and adenine

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6
Q

How many rings structures are present in a purine base

A

Two

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7
Q

How many ring structures are present in a pyrimidine base?

A

One

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8
Q

How many ring structures are present in a pyrimidine base?

A

One

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9
Q

Describe the shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double helix - two antiparallel polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.

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10
Q

The two polynucleotide strands in DNA are antiparallel. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

Give the specific complementary base pairs found in DNA.

A

Guanine and cytosine
Thymine and adenine.

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12
Q

Name the process involved in the replication of DNA

A

Semi-conservative replication

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13
Q

What is the function of DNA helicase?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases in the helix, unwinding the DNA and exposing unpaired bases.

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14
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

Unwinding of double helix
Breaking bonds between complementary bases
Catalysed by DNA helicase.

Diffusion of new DNA nucleotides to exposed bases on template strands and base pairing.
Hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases
Formation of bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the new strand of DNA.
Catalysed by DNA polymerase.

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15
Q

Name the enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the 2 strands of DNA?

A

DNA helicase

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16
Q

Name the enzyme used to catalyse the production of bonds between adjacent nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

17
Q

Give two differences between a DNA and RNA nucleotide.

A

DNA contains deoxyribose whereas RNA contains ribose.
DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil.

18
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA that make up the double helix held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases

19
Q

What is meant by ‘semi conservative’ DNA replication?

A

Each new DNA molecule contains an original and new strand of DNA

20
Q

Describe the role of DNA helicase in transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between the bases in the helix, unwinding the DNA and exposing unpaired bases.
RNA polymerase links to the template strand of

21
Q

Describe the role of RNA polymerase in transcription

A

DNA polymerase links to the template strand of DNA, inserting mRNA nucleotides one at a time, according to the rules of complementary base pairing and forming bonds between them.

22
Q

How many bases are needed to code for one amino acid on the DNA?

A

The code is 3 bases long (called a triplet)

23
Q

Give the name for three bases on the mRNA that code for one amino acid

A

Codon

24
Q

What is a stop sequence on the DNA?

A

Indicates the end of the gene. RNA polymerase leaves the DNA and transcription stops

25
Q

How many attachment sites for tRNA are present on the ribosome?

A

Two

26
Q

How many sub-units are there in a ribosome?

A

Two

27
Q

Which sub-unit does mRNA attach to on the ribosome?

A

Small sub unit

28
Q

Which sub unit does tRNA attach to on the ribosome?

A

Large sub unit

29
Q

What doe tRNA molecules carry to the ribosome?

A

A specific amino acid

30
Q

Describe the process of translation.

A

Ribosome binds to the start codon on the mRNA.
tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome through codon-anticodon interactions.
A peptide bond forms between 2 amino acids.
The ribosome moves along the mRNA one codon at a time.
This continues until the stop codon is reached

31
Q

The genetic ode is linear and non-overlapping. What does this mean?

A

Linear - one continuous sequence
Non-overlapping - bases are read in sequence.

32
Q

The genetic code is degenerate. What does this mean?

A

Several triplets can code for the same amino acid.

33
Q

The genetic code is universal and unambiguous. What does this mean?

A

The genetic code is the same in all living organism’s

34
Q

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. What does this mean?

A

Alleles pass from one generation to the next. It caused by a mutation on the DNA

35
Q

Some inherited diseases are recessive. What does this mean?

A

Individual must be homozygous for this condition. Must have inherited recessive alleles from both parents

36
Q

Polydactyly is a dominant condition. What does this mean?

A

An individual only needs one dominant allele to show polydactyly

1. Medical Science JDW MASTER (16 decks)

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