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Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up a nucleotides?

A

Phosphate group, nitrogenous, deoxyribose/ribose

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2
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

A

C&G
T&A

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3
Q

What are the complementary base pairs for RNA?

A

C&G
A&U

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4
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines = A&G
Pyrimidines = C&T

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5
Q

What is a stable polynucleotides?

A
  • 2 polynucleotide chains that come together to form a ladder (sugar-phosphate backbone)
  • 3 H bonds at C&G
  • 2 H bonds at A&T
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6
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • single stranded
  • an unstable polynucleotides
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7
Q

What’s the Hydrolosis reaction for ATP?

A

ATP + (H2O) -> ADP + Pi + energy

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8
Q

What’s the Condensation reaction for ATP?

A

ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP + (H2O)

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9
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The process of adding phosphate to anything

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10
Q

Define histone?

A

Protein that DNA wraps around

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11
Q

Define Nulecosome

A

Stack of histones & DNA

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12
Q

Define chromosomes

A

Organised chromotin strands

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13
Q

Define chromatin

A

Threads of nucleuosomes

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14
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A
  • existing strands are used as a template (allows for error correction)
  • requires the bases to be unwound and unzipped, leaving bases exposed
  • free nucleotides in the cell must attach to the exposed bases
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15
Q

What is step 1 of DNA transcription?

A

Helicase unzips DNA

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16
Q

What is step 2 of DNA transcription?

A

Free RNA nucleotides bind to the exposed bases of the DNA

17
Q

What is step 3 of DNA transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands to form template strand

18
Q

What is step 4 of DNA transcription?

A

RNA polymerase joins the backbones of the complementary RNA nulceotides

19
Q

What is step 5 of DNA transcription?

A

As the RNA nucleotides join together the pre-mRNA is formed

20
Q

What is step 6 of DNA transcription?

A

The DNA behind the RNA polymerase rejoins into a double helix

21
Q

What is the last step of DNA transcription?

A

When the RNA polymerase reaches a “stop” sequence, the chain is terminated and the pre-mRNA detaches

22
Q

Define double helix

A

DNA sequence, individual base pairs

23
Q

Define nucleosome

A

Histone proteins attach to DNA

24
Q

Define DNA-histone complex

A

DNA strand is coiled around histone proteins

25
Q

Define chromotain

A

Histone proteins stacked on top of each other

26
Q

Define Chromosomes

A

Chromatin loops coiled & packaged together

27
Q

What chromosome numbers do human have?

A

22 pairs of autosomes chromosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes

28
Q

Define Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

29
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same order of genes

Biology (10 decks)

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