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Biology > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s an open circulation system?

A
  • ‘blood’ is not contained in vessels
  • haemolymph bathes tissues directly
  • haemolymph returns slowly back to the heart
  • insects specifically have no haemglobin
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2
Q

What’s a closed circulation system?

A
  • blood is contained in vessels
  • organs do not have direct contact with blood
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3
Q

How many pumps (hearts) does a worm have?

A

Worms have 5 pseudohearts

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4
Q

List advantages of a double circulatory system

A
  • maintains high blood pressure
  • allows for lower pressures in pulmonary circulation
  • circulation is faster
  • oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is kept separate
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5
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A

Tunica Externa = collagen fibres
Tunica Media = elastic fibres, smooth muscles
Tunica Intima = elastic membranes
Endophelium = 1 cell thick, smooth lining

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Tunica Externea = collagen fibres
Tunica Media = thinner than arteries
Tunica Intima = protection, elastic membrane
Ethilium = 1 cell thick, reduces friction

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7
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

Endothelium = 1 cell thick, small gaps between cells, capillary to veins

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8
Q

Describe blood flow in the heart

A

From heart to atery to arteriole to capillary to venule to vein and back to the heart

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9
Q

List key feautures of the heart

A

aorta, superior vena cava, semi-lunar valve, tricuspid valve, inferior vena cava, right ventricle, right atrium, left ventricle, left atrium, semi-lunar valvue, biscuspid valve, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery

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10
Q

What is the fnction of the cardiac muscle?

A
  • myogenic contraction
  • heart rate modified by nervous and hormone situation
  • cardiac muscle never tires
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11
Q

What is an atrial systole?

A

where both atria contracts and blood flows from atria into ventricles

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12
Q

What is the ventricular systole?

A

Where both ventricles contract and atrioventricles valves are pushed shut by pressure of blood in ventricles

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13
Q

How are heart rates regulated?

A

Nerve impulses from the medulla oblongata in the brain

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14
Q

Describe the electrical system of the heart

A
  • SAN sends out wave of excitation across the muscle of the atria
  • wave passes to the atrioventricular node that delays the wave of excitation and allows atria to finish contraction
  • AVN passes the wave of excitation to bundle of His in the septum, transmits the wave to apex of the heart
  • wave passes through purkinje fibres in muscle of ventricals
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15
Q

What does the P represent on the electrocardiogram?

A

P = respents the wave of depolarisation of the atrial walls

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16
Q

What does QRS represent on the electrocardiogram?

A

QRS = depolarisation of the ventricular walls causing a ventricular systole

17
Q

What does the T represent in the electrocardiogram?

A

T = repolarisation of ventricular walls during ventricular diastole

18
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Cells = -45% (erythrocytes, luekocytes, thrombocytes)
Plasma = -55% (water, proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases)

19
Q

What are the adaptations for Red blood cells

A
  • flattened biconcave disc shape
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • flexible shapes to squash close to capillary wall to provide short diffusion pathways
20
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin?

A

Globular

21
Q

What’s the affinity of oxygen?

A

oxygen + haemoglobin -> oxyhaemoglobin
4O2 + Hb -> Hb4O2

22
Q

Name three ways CO2 is carried

A
  1. 5% is dissolved in plasma
  2. 10% combines with haemoglobin to form carboninohaemoglobin
  3. 85% transported hydrogencarbonate ions
23
Q

What happens to carbonic acid?

A

It dissociates into protons (H+) and hydrogen carbonate ios (HCO3)
the HCO3 diffuse into plasma
The chloride shift balances the charge in plasma (swaps hydrogen with carbonate)
Oxygens displaced by protons

24
Q

Describe the Bohr effect

A

low CO2 means the saturation of haemoglobin with O2 is higher
high CO2 means the saturation of haemoglobin with O2 shifts to the left and decreases

Biology (10 decks)

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