DLM Flashcards
Incisional biopsy
Removal of tumor tissue for diagnosis & staging. Good when don’t want to / can’t take out entire suspicious mass
Excisional biopsy
Surgical removal of all known tumor mass for diagnosis & staging
Endoscopic biopsy
Guided biopsy with endoscope- for internal structures- colon, throat.
Fine needle aspiration
Least invasive- collection of tissue aspirated through syringe. May not get enough tissue for diagnosis and staging
Core needle biopsy
Core of tissue removed for staging/ diagnosis. Less invasive than biopsy and get more tissue sample than fine needle.
Exfoliative cytology
Collection of shed surface cells- inside mouth for oral cancer- for analysis. Only works on surface cancers with high cell turnover
Frozen section
Section of tissue removed to determine if benign or malignant- good to determine if entire margin has been cleared.
Tumor markers- serum
Found in blood, urine & CSF. Antibodies detect antigens
Tumor markers- tissue
Cellular products from tumor tissue.
Alpha-Fetoprotien
Serum antigen- increased in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Antigens
Typically found in fetal development. Found in CA due to regression into fetal like cells- manufacture antigen proteins
Enzymes
Proteins level that catalyze rate of reactions increased in malignancy
Hormones
Larger than normal amounts of hormone produced or hormonal production by tissues that do not typically produce it- associated with endocrine and reproductive CA
Oncogenes
Activation in mature cells triggers tumor growth- normally only found in fetal development
Tissue receptors
Surface proteins on tumor cells that bind hormones and growth factors. Block hormone or growth factor and block tumor
Bence Jones
Urine antigen- detect and monitor multiple myeloma. Not all with MM have positive test
Beta-Hcg
Serum hormone- glycoprotein used to monitor therapy/ recurrence in uterus and overies
BRCA 1/2
Serum Oncogene- mutation indicates susceptibility to breast, ovarian and prostate cancer- autosomal dominant
Cancer Antigen 19-9
Antigen- hepatobiliary & pancreatic cancer. Used in dx, therapy and surveillance in pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer
Cancer Antigen-125
Antigen- ovarian cancer. Fall is good prognostic indicator. Monitor recurrence. Not good screening but sensitive and specific for ovarian CA
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Antigen- determine extent of disease, prognosis and therapy for GI CA. Found in smokers
Prostate specific antigen
Antigen- Good for detection when associated with rectal exam. Not for screening- Indicates recurrence, response to therapy.
