BS

Question 1

Tumor supressor gene

Answer 1

Genes that confer advantage to tumor cells through loss of function alteration. More common. Non-sense, frame shift or deletion mutations

Question 2

Oncogene

Answer 2

Activated form of gene that confers advantage to gain of function event. Activated through mutation, amplification, over expression or chromosomal translocation

Question 3

4 families of oncogenic viruses

Answer 3

• Herpes Virus- kaposi sarcoma, lymphomas
• Papillomavirus- skin, anal & cervical cancer
• Hepadnavirus Hepatocellular carinicoma
• Retrovirus- T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma

Question 4

Oncogene

Answer 4

Tumor causing gene or mutated proto-oncogene. Turns normal cell into tumor cell. Increases cell proliferation

Question 5

Tumor supressor gene

Answer 5

Loss of function alteration. No longer inhibit tumor formation

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

Increase in size of tissue die to INCREASED NUMBER of cells

Question 7

dysplasia

Answer 7

Abnormal cells- variation in size, shape and organization

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

conversion of tissue into form not normal of that tissue external stimuli

Question 9

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 9

Preinvasive carcinoma. Cells do not have capacity to invade BM and metastasize- may progress

Question 10

Invasive carcinoma

Answer 10

Invasion of BM

Question 11

Metastatic

Answer 11

CA left primary site- via lymph, blood to distant organs

Question 12

Hypertrophy

Answer 12

Increased SIZE of cells

Question 13

Neoplasm/ neoplasia

Answer 13

Abnormal mass at hosts expense, genetic abnormalities

Question 14

Anaplasia

Answer 14

Loss of differentiation- cells not developing correctly

Question 15

Benign neoplasms

Answer 15

anaplasia absent, slow growth, encapsulated, localized- inflict damage by encroachment

Question 16

Malignant neoplasms

Answer 16

Varying degrees of differentiation, anaplasia present, unrestrained growth, invasion of adjacent tissues, unencapsulated, metastases

Question 17

Mets spread

Answer 17

Lymph, blood, seeding of body cavities, organs and skeleton, angiogenesis

Question 18

Dangerous properties of malignant

Answer 18

Unrestrained growth, metastasis, angiogenesis

Question 19

Biologic features of neoplastic cells

Answer 19

genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, altered nucleus & function, biochemical abnormalities- cell products

Question 20

Cancer stem cells

Answer 20

Sub population of self renewing cells that initiate and sustain neoplasm, not all cancers, mature cells have neoplastic abilities

Question 21

Role of growth factors in neoplasia

Answer 21

Regulate protein expression responsible for growth and function of normal cells
Growth factors- regulate clonal expansion, tissue invasion, angiogeneiss & colonization

Question 22

Role of hormones in neoplasia

Answer 22

Stimulation of neoplastic transformation, promote tumor progression

Question 23

Pathways of malignant spread

Answer 23

• Tissue spaces: initial pathway
• Lymph vessels: emboli of tumor cells migrate to regional nodes
• Blood vessels: Venous
• coelomic cavaties: peritoneal, plural, pericardial spaces- mechanical distribution
• CSF: Invasion of meninges or ventricles- cross BBB via lymph or sinuses
• Epithelial cavities: Implantation frequent