BS Flashcards
Tumor supressor gene
Genes that confer advantage to tumor cells through loss of function alteration. More common. Non-sense, frame shift or deletion mutations
Oncogene
Activated form of gene that confers advantage to gain of function event. Activated through mutation, amplification, over expression or chromosomal translocation
4 families of oncogenic viruses
- Herpes Virus- kaposi sarcoma, lymphomas
- Papillomavirus- skin, anal & cervical cancer
- Hepadnavirus Hepatocellular carinicoma
- Retrovirus- T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma
Oncogene
Tumor causing gene or mutated proto-oncogene. Turns normal cell into tumor cell. Increases cell proliferation
Tumor supressor gene
Loss of function alteration. No longer inhibit tumor formation
Hyperplasia
Increase in size of tissue die to INCREASED NUMBER of cells
dysplasia
Abnormal cells- variation in size, shape and organization
Metaplasia
conversion of tissue into form not normal of that tissue external stimuli
Carcinoma in situ
Preinvasive carcinoma. Cells do not have capacity to invade BM and metastasize- may progress
Invasive carcinoma
Invasion of BM
Metastatic
CA left primary site- via lymph, blood to distant organs
Hypertrophy
Increased SIZE of cells
Neoplasm/ neoplasia
Abnormal mass at hosts expense, genetic abnormalities
Anaplasia
Loss of differentiation- cells not developing correctly
Benign neoplasms
anaplasia absent, slow growth, encapsulated, localized- inflict damage by encroachment
Malignant neoplasms
Varying degrees of differentiation, anaplasia present, unrestrained growth, invasion of adjacent tissues, unencapsulated, metastases
Mets spread
Lymph, blood, seeding of body cavities, organs and skeleton, angiogenesis
Dangerous properties of malignant
Unrestrained growth, metastasis, angiogenesis
Biologic features of neoplastic cells
genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, altered nucleus & function, biochemical abnormalities- cell products
Cancer stem cells
Sub population of self renewing cells that initiate and sustain neoplasm, not all cancers, mature cells have neoplastic abilities
Role of growth factors in neoplasia
Regulate protein expression responsible for growth and function of normal cells
Growth factors- regulate clonal expansion, tissue invasion, angiogeneiss & colonization
Role of hormones in neoplasia
Stimulation of neoplastic transformation, promote tumor progression
Pathways of malignant spread
- Tissue spaces: initial pathway
- Lymph vessels: emboli of tumor cells migrate to regional nodes
- Blood vessels: Venous
- coelomic cavaties: peritoneal, plural, pericardial spaces- mechanical distribution
- CSF: Invasion of meninges or ventricles- cross BBB via lymph or sinuses
- Epithelial cavities: Implantation frequent
