DLA: Intro To Nervous System Flashcards
2 control of PNS
Somatic: voluntary control > skeletal muscle
Visceral: involuntary control > cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
Components of CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Components of PNS
All other: Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia Enteric plexuses Sensory receptors
Sensory of somatic
PPPTT
Pain Pressure Proprioception Touch Temperature
Components of nervous system
Neurons
Neurologlial cells: supporting cells
Parts of a neuron
Cell body/soma
Dendrite
Axon: ends at synaptic end bulb = terminal bouton
3 types of neurons by structure
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar = unipolar
Bipolar
Neuroglial cells in CNS
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Neuroglial cells in PNS
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Collection of cell bodies and axons in CNS are called
Nucleus: grey matter, outside
Tract: white matter, myelinated, center
Collections of cell bodies and axons in PNS are called
Ganglion: grey matter, center
Peripheral nerve: white matter, outside
Compartments of brain
Cerebral hemispheres:
Folds=gyri, grooves=sulci
Longitudinal fissure separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
Fcn: sensory motor, visual, auditory, language, memory, higher cognitive fcns
Thalamus:
Relaying and modulating sensory input to cerebrum
Regulate motor fcn
Hypothalamus:
Homeostasis, growth, reproduction
Brainstem:
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
Vegetative fcns: cardio regulation, swallowing, yawning
Cerebellum:
Posture, balance, smooth coordinated movements
PNS
Cranial nerves
Axons of neurons forming peripheral nerves exiting the cerebral cortex and brainstem
12 pairs: Cortex: CNI-II Midbrain: CNIII-IV Pons: CNV-VIII Medulla: CNIX-XII
Motor, sensory, parasympathetic fibers
PNS
Spinal nerves
Axons exiting the spinal cord segments
31 pairs: 8 cervical: C1-C8 12 thoracic: T1-T12 5 lumber: L1-L5 5 sacral: S1-S5 1 coccygeal: Co1
Motor, sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic fibers
Formation of a typical spinal nerve
Dorsal/ventral horn > dorsal/ventral rootlets > dorsal/ventral root > spinal nerve, mixed > dorsal/central ramus
All glands are innervated by parasympathetic except
Sweat glands
2 neurons for autonomic system
Preganglionic: in CNS
Postganglionic: in PNS
Origin of sympathetic division of ANS
And cell bodies
T1-L2
Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral), Preaortic ganglia, plexus
Origin of parasympathetic division of ANS
And cell bodies
CN III, VII, IX, X
S 2, 3, 4
Nuclei located in the head and ganglia in or near visceral walls
Synapses location
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Synpases for muscle and gland cells occur between
Axons and effector cells
Muscle: NMJ = neuromuscular junction
2 types of synpases
Chemical: release of nt
Electrical: movement of ions across gap junctions
Mainly in cardiac and smooth muscle
6 types of nt
Ach: NMJ
Used by cholinergic neurons
Removed by AChesterase
Catecolamines: precursor Tyrosine
Epinephrine = adrenaline, used by adrenergic neurons
Norepinephrine
Removed by COMT, MAO
Serotonin: precursor tryptophan
Used by serotonergic neurons
Aa: GABA, Gly (inhibitory), Glu (excitatory), Asp
Nitric oxide: synthesized within synapse
Small peptides: substance P, VIP, CCK, HRH produced by APUD cells
Polio, Herpes, Rabies
Neuroinvasive viruses via retrograde transport
Guillain Barre
Inhibit presynaptic neuron
Multiple sclerosis
Tetanus toxin
Block the release of inhibitory nt: Gly and GABA in CNS
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune attack on ACh R
Ab to nt R
Impaired transmission of nerve impulses
Chlorotoxin = Cltx
Active compound found in scorpion venom, inhibit the conductance of Cl- channels
Botulinum toxin
Block release or bind ACh in PNS
Tetrodotoxin = TTX
Blocks Na channel function
