DIVERSITY, PHYLOGENY, CLASSIFICATION, KINGDOM PROTISTA Flashcards
What are the key characteristics on the animal tree?
1) Cellularity
2) Body symmetry
3) Cleavage type
4) Tissue layer
5) Type and origin of gut
6) Type of ciliation
7) Coelom type
8) Coelom origin
9) Type of skeleton
What are the two types of body symmetry?
Radial symmetry = symmetry about a single axis
Bilateral Symmetry = symmetry about a plane
What are the two types of tissue layers and where do each originated from?
Diploblastic (2 tissue layers) from ecto and endo,
Triploblastic (3 tissue layers) from ecto, endo, and mesoderm
Basal eumetazoans are ________, while higher eumetazoans (Bilateria) are _____________.
Diploblastic, triploblastic
What do a blind gut and a complete gut mean?
Blind gut = mouth, no anus
Complete guts = mouth and anus
What is the difference between the two types of ciliation?
Monociliated cells are primitive, while multiciliated cells arose at least twice (Protostomia and some Deuterostomia)
What is a true coelom?
A true coelom is a fluid-filled internal cavity lines by mesodermal epithelium
What are the two different methods of how the coelom arise?
Schizocoely= splitting of the mesenchyme Enterocoely = outpocketing of epithelium
What are the two types of skeleton and how are they different from one another?
Endoskeleton = lies inside the body, produced by middle body layer and may be rigid (like vertebrates) or fluid-filled (hydrostatic) Exoskeleton = lies outside of the body, produced by the epidermis, often molten
How do flagellates move?
Move by 1 or a few flagella
What are the two sub groups of flagellates and how do they differ from one another?
Phytoflagellates = have chloroplast Zooflagellates = lack chloroplast
Key characteristics of Sarcodines include:
Pseudopodia
Some have skeleton
Key characteristics of Sporozoans.
Can move through body flexion, flagella and pseudopods
Parasitic
Most produce spores
Key characteristic of Ciliates.
Move via clia
What are the defining characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?
Unicellular (some colonial)
Eukaryote (membrane-bound nucleus & 1 or more organelles, mitosis)
What other notable characteristics does the kingdom Protista have?
Small size
All types of symmetry
Rigid skeletal structures
What are the locomotory structures of Kingdom Protista?
Pseudopods
Cilia
Flagella
What are the differences between flagella and cilia?
Flagella: long, few per cell, continuous regular undulation
Cilia: short, many per cell, separate power and recovery stroke
What are the variety of feeding modes of Kingdom Protista?
Auxotrophic: Photosynthesis in chloroplasts (Phytoflagellates)
Heterotrophic: filtration, phagocytosis, engulfing
Parasitic
How do multicellular organisms differ from colonial protists?
Not viable as one cell Differentiation Interdependence Coordination Multiple distinct body layers
How may times did multicellularity evolve in animals?
At least 5 times (green plants, red algae, brown algae, fungi, animals)
Describe the Phylum Metamonadida?
Amitochondrial, bilaterally symmetrical flagellated cell
Describe the Phylum Ciliophora.
Includes the most structurally complex protists
Has infraciliary system
Possess 2 nuclei (macro and micro)
Reproduce sexually by conjugation
What is a infraciliary system?
Fibrils underlying the cell membrane that coordinate ciliary beating
