DIVERSITY, PHYLOGENY, CLASSIFICATION, KINGDOM PROTISTA

Question 1

What are the key characteristics on the animal tree?

Answer 1

1) Cellularity
2) Body symmetry
3) Cleavage type
4) Tissue layer
5) Type and origin of gut
6) Type of ciliation
7) Coelom type
8) Coelom origin
9) Type of skeleton

Question 2

What are the two types of body symmetry?

Answer 2

Radial symmetry = symmetry about a single axis

Bilateral Symmetry = symmetry about a plane

Question 3

What are the two types of tissue layers and where do each originated from?

Answer 3

Diploblastic (2 tissue layers) from ecto and endo,

Triploblastic (3 tissue layers) from ecto, endo, and mesoderm

Question 4

Basal eumetazoans are ________, while higher eumetazoans (Bilateria) are _____________.

Answer 4

Diploblastic, triploblastic

Question 5

What do a blind gut and a complete gut mean?

Answer 5

Blind gut = mouth, no anus

Complete guts = mouth and anus

Question 6

What is the difference between the two types of ciliation?

Answer 6

Monociliated cells are primitive, while multiciliated cells arose at least twice (Protostomia and some Deuterostomia)

Question 7

What is a true coelom?

Answer 7

A true coelom is a fluid-filled internal cavity lines by mesodermal epithelium

Question 8

What are the two different methods of how the coelom arise?

Answer 8

Schizocoely= splitting of the mesenchyme
Enterocoely = outpocketing of epithelium

Question 9

What are the two types of skeleton and how are they different from one another?

Answer 9

Endoskeleton = lies inside the body, produced by middle body layer and may be rigid (like vertebrates) or fluid-filled (hydrostatic)
Exoskeleton = lies outside of the body, produced by the epidermis, often molten

Question 10

How do flagellates move?

Answer 10

Move by 1 or a few flagella

Question 11

What are the two sub groups of flagellates and how do they differ from one another?

Answer 11

Phytoflagellates = have chloroplast
Zooflagellates = lack chloroplast

Question 12

Key characteristics of Sarcodines include:

Answer 12

Pseudopodia

Some have skeleton

Question 13

Key characteristics of Sporozoans.

Answer 13

Can move through body flexion, flagella and pseudopods
Parasitic
Most produce spores

Question 14

Key characteristic of Ciliates.

Answer 14

Move via clia

Question 15

What are the defining characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?

Answer 15

Unicellular (some colonial)

Eukaryote (membrane-bound nucleus & 1 or more organelles, mitosis)

Question 16

What other notable characteristics does the kingdom Protista have?

Answer 16

Small size
All types of symmetry
Rigid skeletal structures

Question 17

What are the locomotory structures of Kingdom Protista?

Answer 17

Pseudopods
Cilia
Flagella

Question 18

What are the differences between flagella and cilia?

Answer 18

Flagella: long, few per cell, continuous regular undulation
Cilia: short, many per cell, separate power and recovery stroke

Question 19

What are the variety of feeding modes of Kingdom Protista?

Answer 19

Auxotrophic: Photosynthesis in chloroplasts (Phytoflagellates)
Heterotrophic: filtration, phagocytosis, engulfing
Parasitic

Question 20

How do multicellular organisms differ from colonial protists?

Answer 20

Not viable as one cell
Differentiation
Interdependence
Coordination
Multiple distinct body layers

Question 21

How may times did multicellularity evolve in animals?

Answer 21

At least 5 times (green plants, red algae, brown algae, fungi, animals)

Question 22

Describe the Phylum Metamonadida?

Answer 22

Amitochondrial, bilaterally symmetrical flagellated cell

Question 23

Describe the Phylum Ciliophora.

Answer 23

Includes the most structurally complex protists
Has infraciliary system
Possess 2 nuclei (macro and micro)
Reproduce sexually by conjugation

Question 24

What is a infraciliary system?

Answer 24

Fibrils underlying the cell membrane that coordinate ciliary beating

Question 25

What are the 3 distinct features of choanocytes?

Answer 25

1) single flagellum surrounded by a ring of microvilli
2) flagellum bears a a distinctive flagellar vane
3) diplosome

Question 26

What are diplosomes?

Answer 26

An odd anchor structure to the flagellum (2 basal bodies); does occur in a few dinoflagellates but have functional flagella attached to both basal bodies