Diversity of Life on Earth (lab 2) Flashcards
What is LUCA
-Last Universal Common Ancestor
What does Synapomorphy mean?
-Defining characteristic that any group share
What is the synapomorphy for Eukarya?
-Having a nucleus & mitochondria
What are the three domains?
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
What are the synapomorphy for mammals & their ancestors?
- Mammary glands
- Live birth
- Hair
What is Convergent Evolution?
-The evolution of different organisms having the same characteristics
What is a Prokaryote?
- Have no nuclear membrane
- Trace their lineage back to simple cells that existed before nucleus evolved into many cells
What is a Eukaryote?
-Have cells with nuclei bounded by nuclear membrane/ nuclear envelope
What are the 2 domains that Prokaryotes fall in?
- Archaea
- Eubacteria
What is an Archaea?
- Domain that a prokaryote can fall in (lack nuclei)
- DO have some similar molecular characteristics of eukaryotes which is why they’re together on the first branch of LUCA
- Live in strange/ hostile habitats= very salty/hot/acidic
What is Eubacteria?
- Domain that a prokaryote can fall in
- Synapomorphies= Peptidoglycan Cell Wall= Keeps them from bursting due to water
- Super diverse but have 3 different shapes= spherical, rod-shaped, helical
What are the Eubacteria we looked at?
- Cocci (Spherical)
- Bacilli (Rod-shaped)
- Spirilla (Helical)
- E.Coli
What are Heterotrophic Eubacteria?
- They acquire carbon from organic compounds that are made by other organisms
- So they feed off of other things (Hetero)
What is Aerobic vs Anaerobic?
- Aerobic= requiring oxygen to extract energy from compounds
- Anaerobic= not needing oxygen
What are Autotrophic Eubacteria?
- Acquiring carbon from from inorganic compounds
- So they are self-feeders
- Some need energy from light= Photosynthetic Autotrophs
How do Photosynthetic Autotrophs get energy from light?
-With the use of light trapping pigments like Chlorophyll
What are Cynobacteria?
- Major group of Photosynthetic bacteria
- Super important primary producers in aquatic habitats= provides hella food for tiny animals living in water
- Some are Nitrogen Fixers which can convert molecular nitrogen (N2) into forms that are usable
What are Chemosynthetic Autotroph bacteria?
- They’re non photosynthetic
- The energy for driving synthesis of nutrients from carbon dioxide comes from inorganic compounds
What are Protists?
-They’re Eukaryotes that can’t be identified as Fungi, Plants, or Animals
What branches off Protists?
-SAR group (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)
What are the synapomorphies of Alveolata?
- Member of SAR group
- Cavities (Alveoli) underneath plasma membrane
What were the 3 types protists of Alveolata did we look at in lab?
- Plasmodium
- Paramecium
- Peridinium
What are the 3 subgroups of Alveolata?
- Apicomplexans
- Ciliates
- Dinoflagellates
What are Apicomplexans?
- Sub group of Alveolata
- Nearly all are disease causing parasites of animals
- Invade hosts w/ apical complex (cytoskeletal apparatus)
- Aplical Complex is a synapomorphy for this group
What is the parasite that belongs to the Apicomplexans sub group?
- Plasmodium= causes malaria
- Plasmodium lives in blood of victims
- Looks like a small black skinny leech
What are Ciliates?
- Sub group of Alveolata
- Move by cilia= most intracellular complexity of all protists
- Have regions specialized for feeding, excretion, & locomotion
What protist belongs to Ciliates sub group?
- Paramecium
- Shaped like a leech, moves around, had circles inside of it
What are Dinoflagellates?
- Sub group of Alveolata
- Many are photosynthetic ( w/ chlorophylls a & c)
- Unicellular
- Mixotrophs
- Important members of base of ocean’s food chain
What belongs to the Dinoflagellates sub group?
- Peridinium
- Green armadillo shell
What are Stramenopiles?
- Another member of SAR group
- Synapomorphy= 2 distinct kinds of flagella on 1 cell
- Many are photosynthetic
- Multicelluar & Unicelluar
What do the Multicelluar Stramenopiles form?
- Brown Algae (seaweeds)
- Photosynthetic autotrophs
- Large & complex
What are the types of Brown algae?
- Sargassum (thinner branches & smaller end pod things)
- Fucus (Larger w/ larger pods)
What do the Unicellular Stramenopiles form?
- Diatoms
- Photosynthetic
- Some have Carotenoids (yellowish pigment)
- Encased in Silica shell (Frustule) that works like a box w/ lid
What are Rhizaria?
- Another member of SAR group
- Heterotroph
- Have Pseudopodia (cells that extend various kinds)= stiff & project through holes of shells to catch food (smaller protists & microrganisms)
- Different Rhizarians have different glass-like shells of silica
What Protists belong to Rhizaira?
- Rhizarian
- Radiolara
What are Excavata?
- Sister to SAR group (they’re on a separate branch)
- Synapomorphy= extensive modification/ loss of mitochondria & presence of feeding groves to ingest food
What are Euglenozoa?
- Large group of Excavata
- One of synapomorphy is that it uses specialized flagella to move
What what belongs in the Euglenozoa class?
- Trypanosoma
- Synapomorphy= Kinetoplast (contains DNA & proteins that help w/ mitochondrial function
- Parasite that causes sleeping sickness & found in victims blood
- Pinkish, kinda look like baby shark with a tutu
What are Diplomads?
- Another group of Excavata
- Have modified mitochondria, 2 nuclei, & 4 flagella associated w/ each nucleus
What belongs to the Diplomad group of Excavata?
- Giardia
- Water borne human parasite
- Kind looks like a purple jelly fish but with big eyes in the middle of body
What are Amoebozoans?
- Protists that are closely related to familiar animals & fungi
- Heterotrophs
- Synapomorphy= presence of blunt pseudopods
What are the groups of Excavata?
- Euglenozoa
- Diplomads
What is the typical representative for Amoebozoans?
- Amoeba
- It’s locomotion is via Pseudopodia= flexible extensions that reach out & drag amoeba
- It’s pseudopodia also allows amoeba to engulf food particles from environment
- Shaped like fake throw up lol
What are Fungi?
- Heterotrophs that have absorptive nutrition
- Secrete digestive enzymes that breaks down food in the environment then absorbed
- Decompose molecules of dead organisms back into elements they were made of = returned to reservoirs so that the living can grow & reproduce
- Fungi that are living symbiotically w/ roots of plants increase their surface area for absorption of water & nutrients
- Can reproduce asexually & sexually
What are Zygomycota?
- Sub group of fungi
- Reproduce sexually by having Hyphae (filaments that make up body of fungi) extend with other & coalesce & form gametes to form a zygote to form new individual
What is part of the Zygomycota group?
-Rhizopus (bread mold!)
What are Ascomycota?
- Sub group of Fungi
- Extremely diverse (yeasts, powdery mildew, large cup fungi)
- Synapomorphy= they form Asci (reproductive structures) which is where Haploid Spores are produced
- Ascus (Asci) has 8 spores
What is part of the Ascomycota group?
-Saccharomyces= yeast!
What are Basidiomycota?
- Sub group of Fungi
- Reproduce sexually via Basidia
What are part of the Basidiomycota group?
- Club fungi
- Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs
What are the subgroups for the Alveolata class?
- Apicomplexans
- Cililates
- Dinoflagellates
What Classes belong to the Fungi category & what is fungi’s synapomorphy?
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Synapomorphy is the presence of chitin walls
- They’re all heterotrophs
- They secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in environment & then products are absorbed back
- Can reproduce asexually & sexually
What Subgroups belong to the Excavata class?
- Euglenozoa
- Diplomads
