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BIO 110 LAB > Diversity of Life on Earth (lab 2) > Flashcards

Diversity of Life on Earth (lab 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is LUCA

A

-Last Universal Common Ancestor

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2
Q

What does Synapomorphy mean?

A

-Defining characteristic that any group share

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3
Q

What is the synapomorphy for Eukarya?

A

-Having a nucleus & mitochondria

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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5
Q

What are the synapomorphy for mammals & their ancestors?

A
  • Mammary glands
  • Live birth
  • Hair
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6
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

-The evolution of different organisms having the same characteristics

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7
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A
  • Have no nuclear membrane

- Trace their lineage back to simple cells that existed before nucleus evolved into many cells

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8
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

-Have cells with nuclei bounded by nuclear membrane/ nuclear envelope

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9
Q

What are the 2 domains that Prokaryotes fall in?

A
  • Archaea

- Eubacteria

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10
Q

What is an Archaea?

A
  • Domain that a prokaryote can fall in (lack nuclei)
  • DO have some similar molecular characteristics of eukaryotes which is why they’re together on the first branch of LUCA
  • Live in strange/ hostile habitats= very salty/hot/acidic
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11
Q

What is Eubacteria?

A
  • Domain that a prokaryote can fall in
  • Synapomorphies= Peptidoglycan Cell Wall= Keeps them from bursting due to water
  • Super diverse but have 3 different shapes= spherical, rod-shaped, helical
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12
Q

What are the Eubacteria we looked at?

A
  • Cocci (Spherical)
  • Bacilli (Rod-shaped)
  • Spirilla (Helical)
  • E.Coli
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13
Q

What are Heterotrophic Eubacteria?

A
  • They acquire carbon from organic compounds that are made by other organisms
  • So they feed off of other things (Hetero)
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14
Q

What is Aerobic vs Anaerobic?

A
  • Aerobic= requiring oxygen to extract energy from compounds

- Anaerobic= not needing oxygen

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15
Q

What are Autotrophic Eubacteria?

A
  • Acquiring carbon from from inorganic compounds
  • So they are self-feeders
  • Some need energy from light= Photosynthetic Autotrophs
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16
Q

How do Photosynthetic Autotrophs get energy from light?

A

-With the use of light trapping pigments like Chlorophyll

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17
Q

What are Cynobacteria?

A
  • Major group of Photosynthetic bacteria
  • Super important primary producers in aquatic habitats= provides hella food for tiny animals living in water
  • Some are Nitrogen Fixers which can convert molecular nitrogen (N2) into forms that are usable
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18
Q

What are Chemosynthetic Autotroph bacteria?

A
  • They’re non photosynthetic

- The energy for driving synthesis of nutrients from carbon dioxide comes from inorganic compounds

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19
Q

What are Protists?

A

-They’re Eukaryotes that can’t be identified as Fungi, Plants, or Animals

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20
Q

What branches off Protists?

A

-SAR group (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)

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21
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Alveolata?

A
  • Member of SAR group

- Cavities (Alveoli) underneath plasma membrane

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22
Q

What were the 3 types protists of Alveolata did we look at in lab?

A
  • Plasmodium
  • Paramecium
  • Peridinium
23
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of Alveolata?

A
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
  • Dinoflagellates
24
Q

What are Apicomplexans?

A
  • Sub group of Alveolata
  • Nearly all are disease causing parasites of animals
  • Invade hosts w/ apical complex (cytoskeletal apparatus)
  • Aplical Complex is a synapomorphy for this group
25
Q

What is the parasite that belongs to the Apicomplexans sub group?

A
  • Plasmodium= causes malaria
  • Plasmodium lives in blood of victims
  • Looks like a small black skinny leech
26
Q

What are Ciliates?

A
  • Sub group of Alveolata
  • Move by cilia= most intracellular complexity of all protists
  • Have regions specialized for feeding, excretion, & locomotion
27
Q

What protist belongs to Ciliates sub group?

A
  • Paramecium

- Shaped like a leech, moves around, had circles inside of it

28
Q

What are Dinoflagellates?

A
  • Sub group of Alveolata
  • Many are photosynthetic ( w/ chlorophylls a & c)
  • Unicellular
  • Mixotrophs
  • Important members of base of ocean’s food chain
29
Q

What belongs to the Dinoflagellates sub group?

A
  • Peridinium

- Green armadillo shell

30
Q

What are Stramenopiles?

A
  • Another member of SAR group
  • Synapomorphy= 2 distinct kinds of flagella on 1 cell
  • Many are photosynthetic
  • Multicelluar & Unicelluar
31
Q

What do the Multicelluar Stramenopiles form?

A
  • Brown Algae (seaweeds)
  • Photosynthetic autotrophs
  • Large & complex
32
Q

What are the types of Brown algae?

A
  • Sargassum (thinner branches & smaller end pod things)

- Fucus (Larger w/ larger pods)

33
Q

What do the Unicellular Stramenopiles form?

A
  • Diatoms
  • Photosynthetic
  • Some have Carotenoids (yellowish pigment)
  • Encased in Silica shell (Frustule) that works like a box w/ lid
34
Q

What are Rhizaria?

A
  • Another member of SAR group
  • Heterotroph
  • Have Pseudopodia (cells that extend various kinds)= stiff & project through holes of shells to catch food (smaller protists & microrganisms)
  • Different Rhizarians have different glass-like shells of silica
35
Q

What Protists belong to Rhizaira?

A
  • Rhizarian

- Radiolara

36
Q

What are Excavata?

A
  • Sister to SAR group (they’re on a separate branch)

- Synapomorphy= extensive modification/ loss of mitochondria & presence of feeding groves to ingest food

37
Q

What are Euglenozoa?

A
  • Large group of Excavata

- One of synapomorphy is that it uses specialized flagella to move

38
Q

What what belongs in the Euglenozoa class?

A
  • Trypanosoma
  • Synapomorphy= Kinetoplast (contains DNA & proteins that help w/ mitochondrial function
  • Parasite that causes sleeping sickness & found in victims blood
  • Pinkish, kinda look like baby shark with a tutu
39
Q

What are Diplomads?

A
  • Another group of Excavata

- Have modified mitochondria, 2 nuclei, & 4 flagella associated w/ each nucleus

40
Q

What belongs to the Diplomad group of Excavata?

A
  • Giardia
  • Water borne human parasite
  • Kind looks like a purple jelly fish but with big eyes in the middle of body
41
Q

What are Amoebozoans?

A
  • Protists that are closely related to familiar animals & fungi
  • Heterotrophs
  • Synapomorphy= presence of blunt pseudopods
42
Q

What are the groups of Excavata?

A
  • Euglenozoa

- Diplomads

43
Q

What is the typical representative for Amoebozoans?

A
  • Amoeba
  • It’s locomotion is via Pseudopodia= flexible extensions that reach out & drag amoeba
  • It’s pseudopodia also allows amoeba to engulf food particles from environment
  • Shaped like fake throw up lol
44
Q

What are Fungi?

A
  • Heterotrophs that have absorptive nutrition
  • Secrete digestive enzymes that breaks down food in the environment then absorbed
  • Decompose molecules of dead organisms back into elements they were made of = returned to reservoirs so that the living can grow & reproduce
  • Fungi that are living symbiotically w/ roots of plants increase their surface area for absorption of water & nutrients
  • Can reproduce asexually & sexually
45
Q

What are Zygomycota?

A
  • Sub group of fungi
  • Reproduce sexually by having Hyphae (filaments that make up body of fungi) extend with other & coalesce & form gametes to form a zygote to form new individual
46
Q

What is part of the Zygomycota group?

A

-Rhizopus (bread mold!)

47
Q

What are Ascomycota?

A
  • Sub group of Fungi
  • Extremely diverse (yeasts, powdery mildew, large cup fungi)
  • Synapomorphy= they form Asci (reproductive structures) which is where Haploid Spores are produced
  • Ascus (Asci) has 8 spores
48
Q

What is part of the Ascomycota group?

A

-Saccharomyces= yeast!

49
Q

What are Basidiomycota?

A
  • Sub group of Fungi

- Reproduce sexually via Basidia

50
Q

What are part of the Basidiomycota group?

A
  • Club fungi

- Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs

51
Q

What are the subgroups for the Alveolata class?

A
  • Apicomplexans
  • Cililates
  • Dinoflagellates
52
Q

What Classes belong to the Fungi category & what is fungi’s synapomorphy?

A
  • Zygomycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Synapomorphy is the presence of chitin walls
  • They’re all heterotrophs
  • They secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in environment & then products are absorbed back
  • Can reproduce asexually & sexually
53
Q

What Subgroups belong to the Excavata class?

A
  • Euglenozoa

- Diplomads

BIO 110 LAB (14 decks)

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