Diversity of Life on Earth (lab 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is LUCA

A

-Last Universal Common Ancestor

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2
Q

What does Synapomorphy mean?

A

-Defining characteristic that any group share

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3
Q

What is the synapomorphy for Eukarya?

A

-Having a nucleus & mitochondria

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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5
Q

What are the synapomorphy for mammals & their ancestors?

A
  • Mammary glands
  • Live birth
  • Hair
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6
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

-The evolution of different organisms having the same characteristics

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7
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A
  • Have no nuclear membrane

- Trace their lineage back to simple cells that existed before nucleus evolved into many cells

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8
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

-Have cells with nuclei bounded by nuclear membrane/ nuclear envelope

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9
Q

What are the 2 domains that Prokaryotes fall in?

A
  • Archaea

- Eubacteria

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10
Q

What is an Archaea?

A
  • Domain that a prokaryote can fall in (lack nuclei)
  • DO have some similar molecular characteristics of eukaryotes which is why they’re together on the first branch of LUCA
  • Live in strange/ hostile habitats= very salty/hot/acidic
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11
Q

What is Eubacteria?

A
  • Domain that a prokaryote can fall in
  • Synapomorphies= Peptidoglycan Cell Wall= Keeps them from bursting due to water
  • Super diverse but have 3 different shapes= spherical, rod-shaped, helical
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12
Q

What are the Eubacteria we looked at?

A
  • Cocci (Spherical)
  • Bacilli (Rod-shaped)
  • Spirilla (Helical)
  • E.Coli
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13
Q

What are Heterotrophic Eubacteria?

A
  • They acquire carbon from organic compounds that are made by other organisms
  • So they feed off of other things (Hetero)
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14
Q

What is Aerobic vs Anaerobic?

A
  • Aerobic= requiring oxygen to extract energy from compounds

- Anaerobic= not needing oxygen

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15
Q

What are Autotrophic Eubacteria?

A
  • Acquiring carbon from from inorganic compounds
  • So they are self-feeders
  • Some need energy from light= Photosynthetic Autotrophs
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16
Q

How do Photosynthetic Autotrophs get energy from light?

A

-With the use of light trapping pigments like Chlorophyll

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17
Q

What are Cynobacteria?

A
  • Major group of Photosynthetic bacteria
  • Super important primary producers in aquatic habitats= provides hella food for tiny animals living in water
  • Some are Nitrogen Fixers which can convert molecular nitrogen (N2) into forms that are usable
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18
Q

What are Chemosynthetic Autotroph bacteria?

A
  • They’re non photosynthetic

- The energy for driving synthesis of nutrients from carbon dioxide comes from inorganic compounds

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19
Q

What are Protists?

A

-They’re Eukaryotes that can’t be identified as Fungi, Plants, or Animals

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20
Q

What branches off Protists?

A

-SAR group (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)

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21
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Alveolata?

A
  • Member of SAR group

- Cavities (Alveoli) underneath plasma membrane

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22
Q

What were the 3 types protists of Alveolata did we look at in lab?

A
  • Plasmodium
  • Paramecium
  • Peridinium
23
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of Alveolata?

A
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
  • Dinoflagellates
24
Q

What are Apicomplexans?

A
  • Sub group of Alveolata
  • Nearly all are disease causing parasites of animals
  • Invade hosts w/ apical complex (cytoskeletal apparatus)
  • Aplical Complex is a synapomorphy for this group
25
What is the parasite that belongs to the Apicomplexans sub group?
- Plasmodium= causes malaria - Plasmodium lives in blood of victims - Looks like a small black skinny leech
26
What are Ciliates?
- Sub group of Alveolata - Move by cilia= most intracellular complexity of all protists - Have regions specialized for feeding, excretion, & locomotion
27
What protist belongs to Ciliates sub group?
- Paramecium | - Shaped like a leech, moves around, had circles inside of it
28
What are Dinoflagellates?
- Sub group of Alveolata - Many are photosynthetic ( w/ chlorophylls a & c) - Unicellular - Mixotrophs - Important members of base of ocean's food chain
29
What belongs to the Dinoflagellates sub group?
- Peridinium | - Green armadillo shell
30
What are Stramenopiles?
- Another member of SAR group - Synapomorphy= 2 distinct kinds of flagella on 1 cell - Many are photosynthetic - Multicelluar & Unicelluar
31
What do the Multicelluar Stramenopiles form?
- Brown Algae (seaweeds) - Photosynthetic autotrophs - Large & complex
32
What are the types of Brown algae?
- Sargassum (thinner branches & smaller end pod things) | - Fucus (Larger w/ larger pods)
33
What do the Unicellular Stramenopiles form?
- Diatoms - Photosynthetic - Some have Carotenoids (yellowish pigment) - Encased in Silica shell (Frustule) that works like a box w/ lid
34
What are Rhizaria?
- Another member of SAR group - Heterotroph - Have Pseudopodia (cells that extend various kinds)= stiff & project through holes of shells to catch food (smaller protists & microrganisms) - Different Rhizarians have different glass-like shells of silica
35
What Protists belong to Rhizaira?
- Rhizarian | - Radiolara
36
What are Excavata?
- Sister to SAR group (they're on a separate branch) | - Synapomorphy= extensive modification/ loss of mitochondria & presence of feeding groves to ingest food
37
What are Euglenozoa?
- Large group of Excavata | - One of synapomorphy is that it uses specialized flagella to move
38
What what belongs in the Euglenozoa class?
- Trypanosoma - Synapomorphy= Kinetoplast (contains DNA & proteins that help w/ mitochondrial function - Parasite that causes sleeping sickness & found in victims blood - Pinkish, kinda look like baby shark with a tutu
39
What are Diplomads?
- Another group of Excavata | - Have modified mitochondria, 2 nuclei, & 4 flagella associated w/ each nucleus
40
What belongs to the Diplomad group of Excavata?
- Giardia - Water borne human parasite - Kind looks like a purple jelly fish but with big eyes in the middle of body
41
What are Amoebozoans?
- Protists that are closely related to familiar animals & fungi - Heterotrophs - Synapomorphy= presence of blunt pseudopods
42
What are the groups of Excavata?
- Euglenozoa | - Diplomads
43
What is the typical representative for Amoebozoans?
- Amoeba - It's locomotion is via Pseudopodia= flexible extensions that reach out & drag amoeba - It's pseudopodia also allows amoeba to engulf food particles from environment - Shaped like fake throw up lol
44
What are Fungi?
- Heterotrophs that have absorptive nutrition - Secrete digestive enzymes that breaks down food in the environment then absorbed - Decompose molecules of dead organisms back into elements they were made of = returned to reservoirs so that the living can grow & reproduce - Fungi that are living symbiotically w/ roots of plants increase their surface area for absorption of water & nutrients - Can reproduce asexually & sexually
45
What are Zygomycota?
- Sub group of fungi - Reproduce sexually by having Hyphae (filaments that make up body of fungi) extend with other & coalesce & form gametes to form a zygote to form new individual
46
What is part of the Zygomycota group?
-Rhizopus (bread mold!)
47
What are Ascomycota?
- Sub group of Fungi - Extremely diverse (yeasts, powdery mildew, large cup fungi) - Synapomorphy= they form Asci (reproductive structures) which is where Haploid Spores are produced - Ascus (Asci) has 8 spores
48
What is part of the Ascomycota group?
-Saccharomyces= yeast!
49
What are Basidiomycota?
- Sub group of Fungi | - Reproduce sexually via Basidia
50
What are part of the Basidiomycota group?
- Club fungi | - Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs
51
What are the subgroups for the Alveolata class?
- Apicomplexans - Cililates - Dinoflagellates
52
What Classes belong to the Fungi category & what is fungi’s synapomorphy?
- Zygomycota - Ascomycota - Basidiomycota - Synapomorphy is the presence of chitin walls - They’re all heterotrophs - They secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in environment & then products are absorbed back - Can reproduce asexually & sexually
53
What Subgroups belong to the Excavata class?
- Euglenozoa | - Diplomads