Diversity of life on Earth II Flashcards
What are the 10 groups of organisms that we looked at in lab?
- Chlorophytes
- Nontracehophyte plants
- Tracheophyte plants
- Pterophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
- Porifera
- Cnidarians
- Protosomes
- Deuterostomes
What is the common feature for Chlorophytes?
-They have a unicellular embryo
What are examples of Chlorophytes?
- Chlamydomonas
- Spirogyra
What is the unique feature of Chlamydomonas?
-They are Unicellular
What is the unique feature of Spirogyra?
-They are multicellular
What are Chlorophytes?
- They are green algae
- So they use chlorophyll a,b and cartenoids
What is the common feature of Nontracehophytes?
-They do not have tracheids (specialized tissue for water transport)
What are examples of Nontracehophytes?
- Marchantia (liverwort)
- Polytrichum (moss)
What is the unique feature fo Marchantia?
-They are flattened, lobe-like gametophyte
What is the unique feature for Polytrichum?
-They are leafy gametophytes
What are Nontracehophytes?
- They are the simplest example for land plants
- SO they must have moist habitats to survive
What are the 3 categories of plants belong to the Tracheophyte group?
- Lycophytes
- Pterophytes
- Seed-bearing vascular plants
What are Lycophytes?
-Club mosses that have roots, stems, & leaves
What is the common feature for Lycophytes?
-They have lycophyll type leaves= only have one unbranched vein
What is the example for Lycophytes?
-Selaginella
What is the unique feature for Selaginella?
-They have srobilus= club-shaped reproductive structure at the top of the plant that produces spores
What are Pterophytes?
-They are fern-like plants
What is the common feature for Pterophytes?
-They all have genetic similarities
What are examples of Pterophytes?
- Whisk fern (psilotum)
- Fern
What is the unique feature for whisk ferns?
- They lack leaves & don’t really have roots
- They also have a primitive vascular system
What is the unique feature for ferns?
- They have reproductive structures= Sori
- They have very well developed vascular systems
What are Seed-Bearing plants?
- They are the best adapted of all plants to terrestrial existence
- They include 2 major groups= Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
What is the common feature for Gymnosperms?
-They are seeds that don’t bear fruits
What are examples of Gymnosperms?
- Conifer (norfolk pine)
- Cycad
- Ginko
What is the unique feature of Conifers?
- They are cones
- They are the closest to flowers of all the gymnosperms
What is the unique feature for Cycad?
-They have palm-like leaves
What is the unique feature for Ginko?
-They have fan-shaped leaves
What are the common features for Angiosperms?
- They produce flowers
- They have xylem vessels & tracheids
- And their seeds are enclosed in fruits
What is does a Monophyletic group consist of?
-AKA clade
-It is a collection of organisms & their recent common ancestors
(reptiles & birds)
What does a Paraphyletic group consist of?
-They have a recent common ancestor BUT not all descendants are included
(reptiles having a common ancestor but the bird descendants of that ancestor are left out
What does a Polyphyletic group consist of?
-A group NOT including a common ancestor & all of its descendants
(mammals & birds)
What are Porifera?
- They are aquatic & inhabit the oceans
- They are also heterotrophic & reproduce sexually or asexually
What is the common feature for Porifera?
-They lack tissue even tho they’re multicellular
What are examples of Porifera?
-Sponges
What is the basic body plan of a sponge?
- They have 3 layers
- The outer= epidermis
- A jelly middle layer w/ amoeboid cells
- Inner layer w/ cells w/ flagella
What are Eumetazoans?
- They have bodies made of cells organized into tissues
- The simplest of them have 2 layers of tissue while the more complex ones have 3 layers
What kind of body symmetry would a 2-tissue layered animal have?
-Radial body symmetry= have bodies arranged around a central axis
What kind of body symmetry would a 3-layered animal have?
-Bilateral body symmetry= have left/right symmetry= just 1 plane is running through their bodies
What are Cnidarians?
- They are salt-water creatures
- They are also heterotrophs via catching them w/ their tentacles
What is the common feature of Cnidarians?
- They have 2 tissue layers
- And have radial symmetry
What are examples of Cnidarians?
- Hydras
- Jellyfish
- Corals
What is the body plan of Cnidarians?
-It can be Polyp or Medusa
What are the 2 tissue layers of Cnidarians for?
- The outer layer has cells specialized for protection & sensation
- The inner layer=Gastrodermis has cells specialized for contraction & digestion. It also has 1 opening= both mouth & anus
What are the 3 distinct layers for bilateral animals?
- The outer layer= Ectoderm which is the outer layer of skin
- The middle layer= Mesoderm which becomes muscles
- The inner layer= Endoderm which helps w/ the digestive tract
What are Protosomes?
-Radial animals
What is the common feature for Protosomes?
- The mouth develops first in the embryo
- Can be divided into a non-molting group and a molting group
What are examples of the non-molting Protosomes?
- Flatworms (planarians, tapeworms, trematode liver fluke)
- Rotifers (Philodina)
- Annelids (earthworms, leeches)
- Mollusks (snails, clams, squids, octopus, chitons)
What are the unique feature of Flatworms?
- They are protosome Acoelomates
- They have both excretory & reproductive organs
- They have muscles & nerve cells
- Have digestive primitive cavity
- Is close enough to an environmental source of oxygen & a sink for CO2 & other wastes
- Have sexual & asexual propagation
What are the unique feature for Rotifers?
- They are protosome Pseudocoelomates
- They are more structurally complex than flatworms
- They have body cavities & complete digestive systems that take in food all at once & push it out
- They are smaller than paramecia
- They are free living
What are the unique features for Mollusks?
- They are protosome Coelomate
- They have a foot, visceral mass (vital organs), & mantle (protective shell)
What are the unique features for Annelids?
- They are protosome Coelomates
- They consist of segmented worms
What are the examples of molting Protosomes?
- Nematodes (roundworms, Ascaris)
- Anthropods (horseshoe crabs, spiders, centipedes, scorpions, millipedes, various insects)
What are the unique features of Nematodes?
- They are protosome Pseudocoelomate
- There are free-living & parasitic roundworms
- They can damage plants by blocking the flow of water & soil nutrients
What are the unique features of Anthropods?
- They are protosome Coelomate
- They comprise the largest animal phylum bc it contains insect species
- They have jointed appendages
- They are completely covered by exoskeleton of chitin
- They have segmented bodies
- They also have open circulatory systems
What is the common feature for Deuterostomes?
-Their mouth develops 2nd in the embryo
What are examples of Deuterostomes?
- Echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars)
- Chordates (vertebrates= seahorses, frogs, snakes, lizards)
What are the unique features of Echinoderms?
- They are slow/ immobile that live on sea bottom
- Their skin is covered in bumps/ spine extrudes
- They have coeloms containing developed digestive systems
- They are brainless
- They have a water-vascular system
What are the unique features of Chordates?
- They have a notochord= flexible rod of tissue running down the animal’s back ventral to neural tube
- They also have pharyngeal arches
- And have hollow dorsal nerve tube
What class of animals have 2 tissue layers & radial symmetry?
-Cnidarians
What 8 classes of animals have 3 layer tissues & bilateral symmetry?
- Flatworms
- Rotifers
- Annelids
- Mollusks
- Nematodes
- Anthropods
- Echinoderms
- Chordates
What class of animals have tissues but NOT radial symmetry?
-Poriferans
Which 6 classes of animals are Protostomes?
- Flatworms
- Rotifers
- Annelids
- Mollusks
- Nematodes
- Anthropods
Which 2 classes of animals are Deuterostomes?
- Echinoderms
- Chordates
Which 4 classes of animals are considered to be non-molting?
- Flatworms
- Rotifers
- Annelids
- Mollusks
Which 2 classes are considered to be molting?
- Nematodes
- Anthropods
What differentiates Nematodes from Anthropods?
-Nematodes have pseudocoelom while Anthropods have coelom
What differentiates Echinoderms from Chordates?
-Echinoderms have a water vascular system while Chordates have a notochord
