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BIO 110 LAB > Development: Amphibians and Birds (LP.2) > Flashcards

Development: Amphibians and Birds (LP.2) Flashcards

1
Q

What environment do Ambhibians develop from?

A

-From eggs w/ a moderate amount of yolk

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2
Q

What environment do birds develop from?

A

-Develop from eggs w/ large amounts of yolk

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3
Q

What does the amount of yolk in an egg influence?

A

-It influences the way development occurs w/ respect to cleavage patterns & morphogenesis

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4
Q

What are the key characteristics of amphibian eggs?

A
  • They have more yolk in them than echinoderms

- The yolk is more dense & concentrated in animal pole= animal-vegetal polarity

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5
Q

What occurs after the fertilization of an Amphibian egg?

A

-There is a shift in animal-hemisphere pigment which forms the grey crescent= the dorsal region of the embryo

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6
Q

How does cleavage begin in Amphibian eggs?

A
  • It is vertical= begins are animal pole & works its way down to the vegetal pole
  • But the Cleavage Furrow is slow as it gets to the vegetal pole bc there’s more yolk there
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7
Q

What is the 2nd cleavage like in Amphibian eggs?

A

-It’s Vertical & starts before the first one even completes

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8
Q

What is the 3rd cleavage like in Amphibian eggs?

A

-It is Horizontal BUT it doesn’t cut the blastomeres into equal animal/ vegetal sets bc the plane is offset towards animal pole= upper tier of blastomeres is smaller than the lower one

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9
Q

Why do the animal hemisphere blastomeres get cleaved quicker in Amphibian eggs?

A

-Bc theres less yolk than in the vegetal pole

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10
Q

What is the Blastoceol like in Amphibian eggs?

A

-It is formed normally but it is restricted to the animal-hemisphere

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11
Q

Why isn’t the Blastoceol formed in the Vegetal Hemisphere of Amphibian Eggs?

A

-Bc its solid w/ large yolk-packed cells

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12
Q

What are the beginning stages of Gastrulation like in Amphibian eggs?

A
  • The cells in the ventral margin of where the grey crescent was migrate to the interior of the embyro which produces a blastopore & archenteron on the side of the blastula
  • (DOES NOT BEGIN IN VEGETAL POLE)
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13
Q

What occurs as Gastrulation proceeds in Amphibian eggs?

A
  • The blastocoel reduces in volume by the Invaginating Mesoderm & Endoderm cells
  • Then the 3 germ layers are formed
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14
Q

What are the 3 germ layers in Amphibian Gastrulation?

A
  • The Endoderm (inside)= Lungs, &digestive organs like the Gut, pancreas, liver
  • The Mesoderm (middle)=bone, muscle, blood, kidneys, gonads
  • Ectoderm (outside)= outer layer of the skin, nervous system
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15
Q

What is the Archenteron Roof?

A
  • In amphibians

- The upper layer of cells of the archenteron

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16
Q

How does the Central Nervous system of Amphibians develop?

A
  • Begins when the thickening of the Archenteron Roof

- The neural plate folds into neural tube that becomes brain & spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the steps in Amphibian development?

A

1) Egg/zygote
2) 2 cell
3) early cleavage
4) blastula
5) early gastrula
6) Gastrula
7) Neural Plate
8) Neural Groove
9) Neural tube

18
Q

What does the Blastula stage of Amphibian development consist of?

A

-The Blastula formation at the animal pole

19
Q

What does the Early Gastural stage of the Amphibian Development consist of?

A
  • Blastocoel at animal pole
  • Arhenteron starting to form
  • The blastopore (dorsal lip) starting to form from that archenteron forming
20
Q

What does the Gastrula stage of Amphibian development consist of?

A
  • The blastopore still in the animal-hempishere
  • The dorsal lip forming around the
  • Yolk plug in the middle
21
Q

What does the Neural Plate stage of Amphibian development consist of?

A
  • Notochord starting to form on top of the archenteron
  • The archenteron takes on an upsidedown “U” shape
  • The mesoderm starts to form
22
Q

What does the Neural Groove stage of Amphibian development consist of?

A
  • The notochord is fully formed on top of archenteron
  • Archenteron has same upsidedown “U” shape but its thicker
  • Neural fold starts to form at the animal-hempishere
  • Somites take place in the “empty” space
23
Q

What does the Neural Tube stage of Amphibian development consist of?

A
  • The neural tube is now pinching off
  • The notochord is till on top of “archenteron”
  • The archenteron has now formed into a gut
  • Somite is everything else inside
24
Q

What are Bird eggs like?

A
  • They have hella yolk
  • BUT the blastodisc at animal pole has a little less yolk to allow for cleavage
  • Has very distinct animal-vegetal polarity
25
How are the first cleavages like in Bird eggs?
-They are vertical but extend only a short distance downward
26
How is the 3rd cleavage of Bird eggs like?
-It is horizontal= gives rise to several layers of blastomeres that make up the disc cells at the top of the yolk
27
How does Gastrulation start in Bird eggs?
-It starts by the separation of cells from the lower surface of the blastoderm which forms the hypoblast below the Epiblast
28
What is the Hypoblast?
- Only in Bird eggs | - Flimsy layer of endoderm
29
What is an Epiblast?
- Only in birds | - It is a layer of cells above the hypoblast
30
What's in the Middle of the Epiblast and Hypoblast?
-The blastocoel
31
What happens as Gastrulation in Bird eggs continues?
- The hypoblast expands to form complete layer - Cells of the Epiblast migrate toward posterior & central region to form a thickened region of the epiblast= Primitive Streak
32
What do some cells in the Primitive Streak do?
-Migrate to a space between the Epiblast and Hypolast = forms middle layer of cells (notochord in midline & lateral mesoderm flanking it)
33
When does the Primitive Streak regress & what is the consequence of this?
- When the middle layer of cells begin to move inward | - It leaves the notochord & lateral mesoderm in its wake
34
When does the Neural Plate of Bird eggs form?
-When the ectoderm above the notochord thickens
35
Where does the Neural Tube form in Bird eggs?
-It forms the brain on the broad anterior end & the spinal cord at the narrower posterior end
36
What are the 6 general stages of development like in Birds?
1) develops optic vesicles 2) then the cerebral vesicles 3) these cerebral vesicles turn into cerebral hemispheres 4) Lateral to neural tube=blocks of mesoderm=Somites 5) Structures like vertebrate, dermis, muscles, develop from the somites 6) Heart develops from tube that forms lateral mesoderm
37
What developed in the 16-18 hours of incubation in Birds?
-The primitive streak
38
What develops in the 33 hour of incubation in birds?
-The brain, optic vesicles, spinal cord, somites, heart
39
What develops in the 48 hour of incubation in birds?
-Brain, optic cups, spinal cord, lenses, somites, heart, limb buds, pharyngeal slits, somites
40
What develops in the 72 hour of incubation in birds?
-Everything in 48 hour plus cerebral vesicles

BIO 110 LAB (14 decks)

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