Diverse/Vulnerable Pop FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
Highlights the relationships b/w an individual’s environment and health
— Health as a continuum
Health Belief Model
Purpose = predict or explain health behaviors
— Emphasize change at the individual level
Milo’s framework for prevention
Identifies relationship b/w health deficits and availability of health-promoting resources
Transtheoretical of Stages of Change Model
Change can occur over time, and in 6 distinct stages:
— Pre-contemplation = is unaware of the need to change
— Contemplation = considers change
— Preparation = planning to take action
— Action
— Maintenance = continues behavior once action has been placed
— Termination = individual is consistent
Autonomy
Individuals select those actions that fulfill their goals
Nonmaleficence
“Do no harm” when applying standards of care
Beneficence
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
Distributive justice
Fair distribution of the benefits and burden in society is based on the needs and contributions of its members
Continuous quality improvement (CQI)
Emphasizes organization and its processes and systems and uses objective data to analyze and improve processes
Healthy People 2030
National goal of health objectives that serve as a guide for promoting health and preventing disease
— measures quality of health
Primary prevention
preventing a problem
— Education: nutrition, sex, family planning, hygiene, safety (e.g. MVA)
— Smoking cessation
— Prenatal classes
— Immunizations/vaccines
— Advocating for access to health care, healthy environments
Secondary prevention
not preventing, but screening
— Community assessments
— Screenings: TB, DM, genetic d/o’s, HTN, cancer
— Lead exposure, control of outbreaks
— Sensory impairments
— Disease surveillance
Tertiary prevention
improve quality of health
— Rehabilitation: PT/OT, post-op, exercise (especially for Cardiac and HTN)
— Nutrition counseling
— Case management (chronic/mental illness)
— Support groups
IPREPARE
I — Investigator
P — Present work
R — Residence
E — Environmental concerns
P — Past work
A — Activities
R — Referrals and resources
E — Educate
Toxins include
Lead, pesticides, mercury, solvents, asbestos, radon
Air pollution includes
Carbon monoxide, particulate matter, ozone, lead, aerosols, NO2, SO2, tobacco smoke
Water pollution includes
Wastes, erosion after mining or timbering, run-off from chemical added to the soil/ocean
Contamination includes
Food and food products w/ bacteria, pesticides, radiation, medication (growth hormones or antibiotics)
What is the order of the disaster management cycle?
- Mitigation (prevention)
- Preparedness
- Response
- Recovery
Agencies with a role in disaster response
— Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
— Centers for Control Disease and Prevention (CDC)
— US Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS)
— American Red Cross (ARC)
— Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
— Public health system
What does WIC stand for?
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is used for?
To offer expanded health coverage to uninsured children whose families do not qualify for Medicaid
Medicare vs. Medicaid
MediCARE = 65 and older, receiving SSI, disability for >2yrs (federal)
MediCAID = coverage for low socioeconomic adults, children (federal + state)
The host triangle
Living being that an agent or the environment influences
The agent
The physical, infectious, or chemical factor that causes the disease
The environment
The setting or surrounding that sustains the host
Name susceptible hosts
Age, sex, genetics, ethnicity, immunological status, physiological state, occupation
Chemical agents include
Drugs and toxins
Physical agents include
Noise and temperature
Infectious agents include
Viruses and bacteria
Physical environments in communicable diseases include
Geography, water/food supply, presence of reservoirs/vectors
Social environments in communicable diseases include
Access to health care, high-risk working conditions, poverty
Waterborne illness
fecal contamination of water
— Cholera
— Typhoid fever
— Bacillary dysentery
— Giardia lamblia
Food infections
bacterial, viral, parasitic infections
— Norovirus
— Salmonellosis
— Hepatitis A
— Trichinosis
— Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Vector-born illnesses
via a carrier (e.g. mosquito, tick)
— West Nile virus
— Lyme disease
— Rocky Mountain spotted fever
— Malaria
Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic
Endemic = outbreak of a disease that is consistently present, but limited to a particular region
Epidemic = rate of disease exceeds regions and above the expected rate (e.g. Cholera, measles, malaria, dengue fever)
Pandemic = spreads across countries and continents at a fast rate with new incidences daily (e.g. COVID-19, Spanish Flu)
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence = # of NEW cases in the population
Prevalence = # of existing cases in the population at a specific time
Airborne illnesses
— Chickenpox
— TB
— Pertussis
— Influenza
— SARS
— Measles
Herd immunity
Protection due to the immunity of most community members making exposure unlikely
Natural immunity
Natural defense mechanisms of the body to resist specific antigens/toxins
— e.g. antibodies made after exposure to infection
Acquired immunity
Develops through actual exposure to the infectious agent
Active (artificial) immunity
Antibodies made after getting a vaccination
Passive (adaptive) immunity
Resistance a host gains from another individual
— e.g. mother’s breastmilk to baby
Populations MOST at risk
— Young children
— Older adults
— Immunosuppressed/compromised
— High-risk lifestyle (e.g. homeless, drug abusers)
— International travelers
— Healthcare workers
Types of RN roles in the community
— Public health
— Home health
— Hospice
— Occupational
— Faith-based: Missionary, Parish
— School
— Forensics
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Phases of emotional rxn during a disaster
— Heroic
— Honeymoon
— Disillusionment
— Reconstruction
Disaster Color Codes
Triage Color Coding
RED — immediate attention; needs transfer; e.g. massive hemorrhage, pneumothorax
YELLOW— medium priority; isolated fracture
GREEN — minimal (“walkie-talkies”); broken arm
BLACK— expectant; minimal chance at survival; e.g. CSF coming from head/nose
