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Biology > District CFA > Flashcards

District CFA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What characteristics of life do viruses have?

A

Viruses can reproduce with a host, DNA, respond stimuli, Adapting through Evolving

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2
Q

What characteristics of life viruses don’t have?

A

Viruses can’t or don’t have a cellular structure, maintain homeostasis, and can’t produce on their own.

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3
Q

What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has nucleus. (membrane-bound organelles)
A prokaryotic cell that has no nucleus. (no membrane-bound organelles)

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4
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell?

A

A prokaryotic cell that has no nucleus. (no membrane-bound organelles)

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5
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has nucleus. (membrane-bound organelles)

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6
Q

Active transport vs. Passive transport/diffusion

A

Active transport- low to high and uses energy.
Passive transport- high to low and no energy

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7
Q

What does enzymes do?

A

Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction in our bodies.

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8
Q

What’s enzyme’s function?

A

Their function is to reduce the activation of energy and increase the rate of reaction.

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9
Q

Enzyme relationship to pH?

A

If the PH increase or decrease the enzyme struct will denature.

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10
Q

Enzyme relationship to temperature?

A

The temperature can slow down the enzyme activity or can speed up the reaction.
If extremely it can denature the enzyme structure

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11
Q

What is the inputs photosynthesis? (Know the equation)

A

Inputs: CO2+ Water+ Light

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12
Q

What’s Anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic- without air.

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13
Q

What’s Aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic- with air.

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14
Q

What is photosynthesis equation?

A

Inputs: CO2+ Water+ Light
Outputs: Glucose+ Oxygen

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15
Q
  1. Organelles responsible for both (including chlorophyll)
A
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16
Q

What is the outputs photosynthesis? (Know the equation)

A

Outputs: Glucose+ Oxygen

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17
Q

What’s the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic fermentation (plants and bacteria)
Lactic acid fermentation (humans)

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18
Q

Purpose of respiration and photosynthesis

A

To produce ATP/energy

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19
Q

In Cell differentiation genes know when to turn on and off based on the…

A

Each cell “knows” what genes to turn on/on based on the location of the cells.

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20
Q

What’s Cell differentiation?

A

Cell differentiation is the process of cells getting specialized.

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21
Q

How does Cell Differentiation happens?

A

Cell differentiation happens when genes get turned on or off.

22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undefined cells that are not label

23
Q

Translation processes…

A

Translation is the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis.

24
Q

Transcription process…

A

Transcription is the process of producing a strand of mRNA from a strand of DNA.

25
Q

Meiosis and genetic variation – what phases it happen in, the way that it happens, etc.

A
26
Q

What’s meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells from a single cell.

27
Q

What’s genetic variation?

A

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences.

28
Q

The advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Advantages of sexual production is genetical variation, and good traits.

29
Q

The disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Disadvantages of sexual production is bad traits, takes slower.

30
Q

The advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantages of asexual reproduction is easy, faster, rapid population growth.

31
Q

The disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction is non genetic variation.

32
Q

3 things that make up DNA/nucleotides?

A

Phosphate, sugar, nitro base

33
Q

How many nucleotide’s bases are they?

A

4 nucleotides bases: ATGC

34
Q

What are the pairs of the nucleotide bases?

A

AT and GC

35
Q

How many bonds do the nucleotides have?

A

AT bonds: 2 bonds
GC bonds: 4 bonds

36
Q

Process of DNA replication?

A

The first step of DNA replication is separation by the helicase, new bases are added to the complementary by DNA polymerase.

37
Q

Substitution, deletion, insertion mutations

A

Substitution: Subbing of bases
Deletion: Deletion of bases
Insertion: Adding bases
These can all cause mutations.

38
Q

Where does a mutation have to happen for it to be passed on?

A

In sex cells

39
Q

Codon chart, RNA and DNA?

A

You must transcribe the DNA to RNA in a codon chart.
DNA has ATCG
RNA has AUCG

40
Q

What’s Homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous?

A

Homozygous dominant: two capital letters (LL)
Homozygous recessive: two lower case letters (ll)
Heterozygous One capital with one lower case letter. (Ll)

41
Q

All about mutation..

A

Mutations happens during sexual reproduction.
Mutations are random.
Mutations increase genetic variation.

42
Q

When reading pedigree charts ask?

A

Two questions:
Are there any cases where an affected (shaded) child had zero affect parent?
Yes- recessive.
No- dominant.
Is there a significant difference between men and women?
Yes- sex linked.
No- Autosomal

43
Q

What’s incomplete and codominance?

A

Incomplete dominance is when nether alleles are dominant (they mix)
Codominance is when both alleles are dominant and fight for dominance (certain traits are found)

44
Q

What’s Endosymbiont theory?

A

The organelles in eukaryotic cell used to be their own cell until they were eaten by other prokaryotic.

45
Q

What’s the Evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil Record: can tell us how certain traits evolved in certain organisms.
DNA/Protein Patterns: Can tell us how closes related two species are, and how long ago they evolved from there common ancestor.
Biogeography: can tell us the biomass the species originated from.
Homologous Structures: Can tell us how the two species had common ancestors once upon a time.
Embryology: Can tell us the species had common ancestors once upon a time because of the similarities in the womb.

46
Q

What’s Natural selection – process, reasons, importance?

A

Natural selection is survival of the fittest. Organisms have random mutation and genetic variation because of sexual reproduction. Some mutations are good, some do nothing, and some are bad They don’t adapt because it’s not optional because the mutation happens by accident.

47
Q

What’s Enviromental factors – process, reasons, importance?

A

Environmental factors determine which traits are going to do better than other. The environmental factors can always change. Population with genetic variation are most likely to survive the environmental factors.
This isn’t random eviromental factors

enviromenntal factors isnt random.

48
Q

What’s Genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift is the result of a speciation.
Genetic drift change in the amount of allele in a population due to random chance.

Two types of genetic drift.

49
Q

Different types of genetic drift?

A

Bottleneck: A population drastically dies out due to something (for a least one generation) some alleles die out some survive; the surviving continues to grow. ALL RANDOM
Founder effect: small part of population breaks off, moves away, and establish its own population. which alleles that move away its completely random. Which it results in a new population of species

50
Q

What’s Energy flow/pyramid?

A

10 % of the energy goes to the next tropical levels.
The remaining of the energy goes to heat.

51
Q

Types of trophic levels:

A

Tertiary: Heterotroph
Secondary: Heterotroph
Primary: Heterotroph
Producers: autotroph

Biology (11 decks)

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