Distribution of Species and Ecology (up to exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

species distribution

A

spacial arrangement of species

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2
Q

home range

A

area a group/population moves and spend time in (typically over the course or 1 year)
- includes all areas/resources/spaces they go

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3
Q

core range/habitat

A

area w/in home range where species spend majority of their time
- most reliable food and sleep sites

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4
Q

methods for determining range (4)

A
  • plot method
  • quadrant method
  • transect method
  • GPS radio telemetry method
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5
Q

plot method

A

representative sample
- larger species/larger area = larger sample taken

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6
Q

Quadrat method

A

small square tool, count # in quadrant, repeat, (average count * area) = population size

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7
Q

transect method

A

line across entire area of species
- used for species that move quickly

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8
Q

methods for counting individuals

A
  • mark/recapture
  • photo collection (analyze w/ AI)
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9
Q

GPS radio telemetry method

A

trackers to track movements (home range)
- once you know home range, can estimate population size

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10
Q

3 types of range maps

A

dot maps, outline maps, contour maps

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11
Q

dot maps

A

dots at specific locations of individuals

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12
Q

outline maps

A

outline of range of individuals
- less accurate the dot maps; can over increase range

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13
Q

contour maps

A

show density of species of larger ranges

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14
Q

population growth

A

changes in # of individuals/time

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15
Q

exponential growth

A

w/ unlimited resources; populations can grow rapidly over short periods of time
- only for PERIODS bc eventually a limiting resource will run (limiting population growth)

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16
Q

logistic growth

A

a population will grow until it begins to reach it’s carrying capacity, at which growth rate begins to decrease

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17
Q

equation for per capita growth rate (R) / (factors that influence growth rates)

A

R = B + I - D - E
- B = birth rate
- I = immigration rate
- D = death rate
- E = emigration rate

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18
Q

density

A

size of population / area population occupies

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19
Q

density-dependent factors

A

density of population effects growth/mortality rates
- ex: competition, predation, disease, parasitism

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20
Q

density-independent factors

A

factors affect population same (regardless of density)
- ex: natural disasters, extreme weather, deforestation

21
Q

predator-prey cycles

A

depends on resources and compeittion
- prey population inc. = inc. predator population = dec. prey population = dec. predator population =….

22
Q

3 spatial distributions

A

random, uniform, clumped

23
Q

when do random spatial distributions occur?

A

no competition
- no tendency for aggregating
- atypical
- homogenous landscape

24
Q

when do uniform spatial distributions occur?

A

intense competition
- homogenous landscape
- territorial animals!!

25
when do clumped spatial distributions occur?
pack/group animals - most common - can create competition for resources
26
ecological niche
specific environment occupied by an organism including all resources/space, environmental tolerance, ecological role, biotic/abiotic factors
27
realized niche
actual environmental conditions in which a species survives and reproduces - limited by competition and resources
28
fundamental niche
total range of environmental conditions a species could occupy/tolerate
29
which is larger realized or fundamental niche?
realized < fundamental
30
source-sink dyanmics
when landscape = heterogenous - population moves source --> sink (high quality --> low quality area) - dec. reproductive success - mortality > birth - leads to local extinctions (w/o steady flow of source --> sink); if has enough in-flow (individuals produce in source)
31
splitting populations
metapopulation --> subpopulations - when resources in 1 location are scarce - leads to less competition - usually seasonal
32
6 factors that limit species distribution
1. geographic barrier 2. environmental conditions 3. disturbances 4. behavior 5. competition 6. symbiotic relationships
33
geographic barrier
vicariance prevents further distribution
34
environmental conditions that limit distribution
- elevation, temp, humidity, soil, etc. - dictates "zone of tolerance"
35
disturbances that limit distribution
natural and human disturbances - small-scale = adapt - large-scale/human = intense pressure = inability to adapt quick enough
36
behaviors that limit distribution
seasonal fluctuations; based on resource availability - behavioral flexibility
37
behavioral flexibility
ability to shift behavior to be within range - modify diet, range, etc. to ensure high-quality resources
38
fission-fusion (behavioral flexibility)
response to temporal/food shortages - groups breaks into smaller groups to forage (reduce competition), then comes back together when more food is available - can extend normal range
39
exploitative competition
individuals use up resources and make them unavailable to others - indirect - who's 1st?
40
interference competition
individuals use aggression/dominance to deny others access to resources - direct
41
competitive exclusion principle
no 2 species can occupy the exact same niche
42
niche separation (competitive exclusion principle)
2 species occupy (almost) exact same niche w/ 1 difference (that reduces competition enough)
43
3 types of symbiotic relationships
mutualism, parasitism, commensalism
44
mutualism
(+/+); reliant, both benefit - one can limit others' range
45
parasitism
(+/-); parasite needs host - host limits parasites range
46
commensalism
(+/N); 1 benefits, other = neutral
47
polyspecific associations
NOT true mutualism BUT organisms develop close relationship (ex: video of wolf and badger)
48
competitive exclusion principle
no 2 species can occupy the exact same range (Needs at least 1 difference)