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biodiversity & biogeographhy > Distribution of Species and Ecology (up to exam 1) > Flashcards

Distribution of Species and Ecology (up to exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

species distribution

A

spacial arrangement of species

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2
Q

home range

A

area a group/population moves and spend time in (typically over the course or 1 year)
- includes all areas/resources/spaces they go

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3
Q

core range/habitat

A

area w/in home range where species spend majority of their time
- most reliable food and sleep sites

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4
Q

methods for determining range (4)

A
  • plot method
  • quadrant method
  • transect method
  • GPS radio telemetry method
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5
Q

plot method

A

representative sample
- larger species/larger area = larger sample taken

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6
Q

Quadrat method

A

small square tool, count # in quadrant, repeat, (average count * area) = population size

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7
Q

transect method

A

line across entire area of species
- used for species that move quickly

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8
Q

methods for counting individuals

A
  • mark/recapture
  • photo collection (analyze w/ AI)
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9
Q

GPS radio telemetry method

A

trackers to track movements (home range)
- once you know home range, can estimate population size

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10
Q

3 types of range maps

A

dot maps, outline maps, contour maps

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11
Q

dot maps

A

dots at specific locations of individuals

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12
Q

outline maps

A

outline of range of individuals
- less accurate the dot maps; can over increase range

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13
Q

contour maps

A

show density of species of larger ranges

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14
Q

population growth

A

changes in # of individuals/time

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15
Q

exponential growth

A

w/ unlimited resources; populations can grow rapidly over short periods of time
- only for PERIODS bc eventually a limiting resource will run (limiting population growth)

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16
Q

logistic growth

A

a population will grow until it begins to reach it’s carrying capacity, at which growth rate begins to decrease

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17
Q

equation for per capita growth rate (R) / (factors that influence growth rates)

A

R = B + I - D - E
- B = birth rate
- I = immigration rate
- D = death rate
- E = emigration rate

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18
Q

density

A

size of population / area population occupies

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19
Q

density-dependent factors

A

density of population effects growth/mortality rates
- ex: competition, predation, disease, parasitism

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20
Q

density-independent factors

A

factors affect population same (regardless of density)
- ex: natural disasters, extreme weather, deforestation

21
Q

predator-prey cycles

A

depends on resources and compeittion
- prey population inc. = inc. predator population = dec. prey population = dec. predator population =….

22
Q

3 spatial distributions

A

random, uniform, clumped

23
Q

when do random spatial distributions occur?

A

no competition
- no tendency for aggregating
- atypical
- homogenous landscape

24
Q

when do uniform spatial distributions occur?

A

intense competition
- homogenous landscape
- territorial animals!!

25
Q

when do clumped spatial distributions occur?

A

pack/group animals
- most common
- can create competition for resources

26
Q

ecological niche

A

specific environment occupied by an organism including all resources/space, environmental tolerance, ecological role, biotic/abiotic factors

27
Q

realized niche

A

actual environmental conditions in which a species survives and reproduces
- limited by competition and resources

28
Q

fundamental niche

A

total range of environmental conditions a species could occupy/tolerate

29
Q

which is larger realized or fundamental niche?

A

realized < fundamental

30
Q

source-sink dyanmics

A

when landscape = heterogenous
- population moves source –> sink
(high quality –> low quality area)
- dec. reproductive success
- mortality > birth
- leads to local extinctions (w/o steady flow of source –> sink); if has enough in-flow (individuals produce in source)

31
Q

splitting populations

A

metapopulation –> subpopulations
- when resources in 1 location are scarce
- leads to less competition
- usually seasonal

32
Q

6 factors that limit species distribution

A
  1. geographic barrier
  2. environmental conditions
  3. disturbances
  4. behavior
  5. competition
  6. symbiotic relationships
33
Q

geographic barrier

A

vicariance prevents further distribution

34
Q

environmental conditions that limit distribution

A
  • elevation, temp, humidity, soil, etc.
  • dictates “zone of tolerance”
35
Q

disturbances that limit distribution

A

natural and human disturbances
- small-scale = adapt
- large-scale/human = intense pressure = inability to adapt quick enough

36
Q

behaviors that limit distribution

A

seasonal fluctuations; based on resource availability
- behavioral flexibility

37
Q

behavioral flexibility

A

ability to shift behavior to be within range
- modify diet, range, etc. to ensure high-quality resources

38
Q

fission-fusion (behavioral flexibility)

A

response to temporal/food shortages
- groups breaks into smaller groups to forage (reduce competition), then comes back together when more food is available
- can extend normal range

39
Q

exploitative competition

A

individuals use up resources and make them unavailable to others
- indirect
- who’s 1st?

40
Q

interference competition

A

individuals use aggression/dominance to deny others access to resources
- direct

41
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no 2 species can occupy the exact same niche

42
Q

niche separation (competitive exclusion principle)

A

2 species occupy (almost) exact same niche w/ 1 difference (that reduces competition enough)

43
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism, parasitism, commensalism

44
Q

mutualism

A

(+/+); reliant, both benefit
- one can limit others’ range

45
Q

parasitism

A

(+/-); parasite needs host
- host limits parasites range

46
Q

commensalism

A

(+/N); 1 benefits, other = neutral

47
Q

polyspecific associations

A

NOT true mutualism BUT organisms develop close relationship (ex: video of wolf and badger)

48
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no 2 species can occupy the exact same range (Needs at least 1 difference)

biodiversity & biogeographhy (12 decks)

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