chapter 2 (history and phylogeny)

Question 1

age of exploration

Answer 1

1st global-scale view:
- identifying patterns
and
- trends in diversity (latitude, elevation, depth below sea level)

Question 2

carolus linnaeus

Answer 2

• god = speaks through nature (classifying = divine act)
• “father of taxonomy”; developed binomial nomenclature and “species”
• spread of life = unchanging
• 3 kingdoms = animals, plants, minerals

Question 3

binomial nomenclature

Answer 3

classifying/naming all life
- genus + species
- more similar taxonomy = more relation

Question 4

paradisiacal mountain

Answer 4

• Linnaeus hypothesis
• all life started @ equator; all perfectly adapted to particular environment (diverse mountains)
• all put during creation and just dispersed

Question 5

3 domains

Answer 5

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 6

bacteria

Answer 6

unicellular

Question 7

archaea

Answer 7

prokaryotes (organelles, no nucleus)

Question 8

eukarya

Answer 8

multicellular w/ nucleus

Question 9

genus

Answer 9

group of similar species (capital)

Question 10

species

Answer 10

lowercase

Question 11

taxa

Answer 11

brand group; organisms w/ shared traits

Question 12

biota

Answer 12

all life in similar regions

Question 13

biome

Answer 13

land w/ similar ecological conditions

Question 14

Georges-louis Leclerc de Buffon

Answer 14

• life originated in N.W. Europe
• climate changes; life separated and modified –> world = dynamic
• evolution/survival of species

Question 15

Buffon’s law

Answer 15

1st principle of biogeography
- (similar environment) + (geographically isolated) = distinct assemblages of life

Question 16

cosmopolitan species

Answer 16

“generalist species”
- species that can be found anywhere
- adaptations to withstand all ecosystems
- exception to Buffon’s law

Question 17

cook + Forster

Answer 17

developed 1st global botanical view
- applied Buffon’s law to plants, mammals, and birds

Question 18

willdenow

Answer 18

plant geo synthesis
- plants reflect geographic climate

Question 19

Alexander humboldt

Answer 19

“father of phytogeography” (plants)
- applied Buffon’s law to all terrestrial biotas
- floristic belts

Question 20

floristic belts

Answer 20

elevational zones (tropics –> arctic) w/ plant regions

Question 21

paradigm

Answer 21

unifying theories; set rules of “normal” science

Question 22

3 important advances of 19th century

Answer 22

1. better estimate of earth’s age
2. better understanding of dynamic (changing) nature
3. better understanding of mechanisms for spread/dispersal (immigration) and diversification (extinction/speciation)

Question 23

lyell (and brogniart)

Answer 23

• fossil record = extinction
  (didn’t understand evolution)

Question 24

Wallace’s line

Answer 24

line separating similar environments and species (between Asia and Australia)

Question 25

darwin

Answer 25

- common ancestry - "origin of species" - evolution by natural selection - dispersal = colonization

Question 26

disjunction

Answer 26

2 closely related species occur geographically far (increased dispersal = change over time)

Question 27

wallace

Answer 27

identical findings; "father of biogeography and zoology"

Question 28

hooker

Answer 28

- botanist and surgeon - proposed long-distance dispersal and explains 1 extensive flora was broken by land = long distance disperal - vicariance biogeography

Question 29

vicariance biogeography

Answer 29

distributions based on splitting ancestral colonies; land changes and causes; separations = causes new species - ↑ isolation = ↓ # plant species - ↑ diversity = ↑ temp/sunlight

Question 30

ontogeny

Answer 30

origination and development of distinctive biotas

Question 31

bergmann's rule

Answer 31

endothermic vertebrates (metabolic = constant temp): - body size = closely related to temp/climates

Question 32

allen's rule

Answer 32

warmer climates = ↑ surface area = ↑ loss of heat

Question 33

Jordan's law of vertebrae

Answer 33

further from equator = smaller/more numerous fish

Question 34

allometry

Answer 34

relation b/w traits and body size

Question 35

orthogenesis (theory)

Answer 35

theory; evolution = 1 direction = not controlled by natural selection - ↑ size =↑ death (↑ predation and ↑ need for resources) - climate and soil = affect plant traits = affect animal traits

Question 36

2 areas of plant ecology:

Answer 36

1. plant physiological ecology = plant adaptations 2. phytosociology = plant community ecology

Question 37

MacArthur and wilson

Answer 37

how and why species are on islands - island biogeography theory

Question 38

Clinton hart merriam

Answer 38

"biogeography" - elevation = affects plants - life zones

Question 39

life zones

Answer 39

belts of similar vegetation along latitude

Question 40

forbes

Answer 40

marine biogeo - homozoic belts

Question 41

homozoic belts

Answer 41

regions w/ similar fauna (marine biogeography)

Question 42

3 revolutions of the 20th century:

Answer 42

1. formulation of 1 theory of origin, movement, and destruction of tectonic plates 2. cracking genetic code (evolution, reconstruction, histories) 3. 1 theory of ecological biogeo (unified: immigration, extinction, evolution)

Question 43

Eduardo rapoport

Answer 43

areography and macro-ecology

Question 44

areography

Answer 44

study of structure/dynamics of geographic range

Question 45

macro-ecology

Answer 45

statistical patterns of geographic ecology