chapter 2 (history and phylogeny) Flashcards

1
Q

age of exploration

A

1st global-scale view:
- identifying patterns
and
- trends in diversity (latitude, elevation, depth below sea level)

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2
Q

carolus linnaeus

A
  • god = speaks through nature (classifying = divine act)
  • “father of taxonomy”; developed binomial nomenclature and “species”
  • spread of life = unchanging
  • 3 kingdoms = animals, plants, minerals
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3
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

classifying/naming all life
- genus + species
- more similar taxonomy = more relation

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4
Q

paradisiacal mountain

A
  • Linnaeus hypothesis
  • all life started @ equator; all perfectly adapted to particular environment (diverse mountains)
  • all put during creation and just dispersed
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5
Q

3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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6
Q

bacteria

A

unicellular

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7
Q

archaea

A

prokaryotes (organelles, no nucleus)

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8
Q

eukarya

A

multicellular w/ nucleus

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9
Q

genus

A

group of similar species (capital)

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10
Q

species

A

lowercase

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11
Q

taxa

A

brand group; organisms w/ shared traits

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12
Q

biota

A

all life in similar regions

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13
Q

biome

A

land w/ similar ecological conditions

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14
Q

Georges-louis Leclerc de Buffon

A
  • life originated in N.W. Europe
  • climate changes; life separated and modified –> world = dynamic
  • evolution/survival of species
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15
Q

Buffon’s law

A

1st principle of biogeography
- (similar environment) + (geographically isolated) = distinct assemblages of life

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16
Q

cosmopolitan species

A

“generalist species”
- species that can be found anywhere
- adaptations to withstand all ecosystems
- exception to Buffon’s law

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17
Q

cook + Forster

A

developed 1st global botanical view
- applied Buffon’s law to plants, mammals, and birds

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18
Q

willdenow

A

plant geo synthesis
- plants reflect geographic climate

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19
Q

Alexander humboldt

A

“father of phytogeography” (plants)
- applied Buffon’s law to all terrestrial biotas
- floristic belts

20
Q

floristic belts

A

elevational zones (tropics –> arctic) w/ plant regions

21
Q

paradigm

A

unifying theories; set rules of “normal” science

22
Q

3 important advances of 19th century

A
  1. better estimate of earth’s age
  2. better understanding of dynamic (changing) nature
  3. better understanding of mechanisms for spread/dispersal (immigration) and diversification (extinction/speciation)
23
Q

lyell (and brogniart)

A
  • fossil record = extinction
    (didn’t understand evolution)
24
Q

Wallace’s line

A

line separating similar environments and species (between Asia and Australia)

25
darwin
- common ancestry - "origin of species" - evolution by natural selection - dispersal = colonization
26
disjunction
2 closely related species occur geographically far (increased dispersal = change over time)
27
wallace
identical findings; "father of biogeography and zoology"
28
hooker
- botanist and surgeon - proposed long-distance dispersal and explains 1 extensive flora was broken by land = long distance disperal - vicariance biogeography
29
vicariance biogeography
distributions based on splitting ancestral colonies; land changes and causes; separations = causes new species - ↑ isolation = ↓ # plant species - ↑ diversity = ↑ temp/sunlight
30
ontogeny
origination and development of distinctive biotas
31
bergmann's rule
endothermic vertebrates (metabolic = constant temp): - body size = closely related to temp/climates
32
allen's rule
warmer climates = ↑ surface area = ↑ loss of heat
33
Jordan's law of vertebrae
further from equator = smaller/more numerous fish
34
allometry
relation b/w traits and body size
35
orthogenesis (theory)
theory; evolution = 1 direction = not controlled by natural selection - ↑ size =↑ death (↑ predation and ↑ need for resources) - climate and soil = affect plant traits = affect animal traits
36
2 areas of plant ecology:
1. plant physiological ecology = plant adaptations 2. phytosociology = plant community ecology
37
MacArthur and wilson
how and why species are on islands - island biogeography theory
38
Clinton hart merriam
"biogeography" - elevation = affects plants - life zones
39
life zones
belts of similar vegetation along latitude
40
forbes
marine biogeo - homozoic belts
41
homozoic belts
regions w/ similar fauna (marine biogeography)
42
3 revolutions of the 20th century:
1. formulation of 1 theory of origin, movement, and destruction of tectonic plates 2. cracking genetic code (evolution, reconstruction, histories) 3. 1 theory of ecological biogeo (unified: immigration, extinction, evolution)
43
Eduardo rapoport
areography and macro-ecology
44
areography
study of structure/dynamics of geographic range
45
macro-ecology
statistical patterns of geographic ecology