Current Biodiversity (part 1)- post exam 1

Question 1

biological diversity

Answer 1

variability of all living organisms from all sources (including terrestrial, marine, aquatic systems etc.)
-diversity w/in & b/w species

Question 2

current # of species

Answer 2

10-14 million
- ~1.2 million documented
- 86% not documented

Question 3

about __ percent of eukaryotic species have been identified, the unknown species are mostly…

Answer 3

13%
- mostly marine

Question 4

species classifications

Answer 4

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 5

3 domains

Answer 5

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 6

eukaryotic have __ kingdoms

Answer 6

6
- plants, protist, fungi, animal, archaebacteria, eubacteria

Question 7

out of the 6 eukaryotic kingdoms, __ are multicellular

Answer 7

4: plants, protist, fungi, animal

Question 8

the animal kingdom has about __ phyla

Answer 8

33

Question 9

bacteria are…

Answer 9

single-celled (prokaryotic), cosmopolitan species

Question 10

bacteria have __ DNA

Answer 10

single strand loop (simplistic)

Question 11

all life evolved from ___

Answer 11

bacteria

Question 12

only ~__% of bacteria are pathogenic

Answer 12

5%

Question 13

bacteria are classified into __ groups based on ___

Answer 13

5 groups
- based on their shapes (morphology)

Question 14

bacteria have the ability to __ to improve their collective function

Answer 14

cluster and work together

Question 15

common functions of bacteria

Answer 15

nitrogen fixing, decomposing, gut-biome health, etc.

Question 16

taxonomy was discovered by __ when ___

Answer 16

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek when he created the first microscope and looked at bacteria

Question 17

gram positive bacteria

Answer 17

have no outer membrane
- absorbs dye

Question 18

gram negative bacteria

Answer 18

have an outer membrane
- increases virulence bc it’s harder for white blood cells to attack
- doesn’t absorb dye

Question 19

virulence

Answer 19

pathogenic ability

Question 20

anaerobic bacteria

Answer 20

no oxygen; produce energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 21

anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in…

Answer 21

GI tract, vagina, dental crevices, chronic wounds

Question 22

aerobic bacteria

Answer 22

require oxygen; produce energy through cellular respiration

Question 23

facultative bacteria

Answer 23

can grow w/ or w/o oxygen

Question 24

bacteria are capable of “interbreeding” bc…

Answer 24

they utilize horizontal gene transfer

Question 25

pathogenic bacteria

Answer 25

can adhere/invade cells and tissue
- red queen hypothesis

Question 26

red queen hypothesis

Answer 26

species must adapt/evolve as rapidly as their competition/diseases (bacteria) in order to compete

Question 27

direct (bacteria damage/pathogens)

Answer 27

pathogens attach to host cell, cause direct damage to host cells

Question 28

toxins (bacteria damage/pathogens)

Answer 28

only gram (+); outer layer releases endotoxins which cause infection in humans

Question 29

what mechanism for bacteria damage (pathogens) is why you can feel worse when you first start antibiotics?

Answer 29

toxins (gram +)

Question 30

indirect (bacteria damage/pathogens)

Answer 30

secondary immune response to an infection can cause cell damage

Question 31

what mechanism for bacteria damage (pathogens) is why you can feel sick when fighting off disease?

Answer 31

indirect

Question 32

how do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

Answer 32

HGT + mutations/natural selection = increased resistance

Question 33

autotrophic bacteria

Answer 33

use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Question 34

chemosynthesis

Answer 34

use of chemicals to produce energy- often found in ocean vents/legumes

Question 35

photoautotrophic bacteria

Answer 35

cyanobacteria; produce oxygen and are vital to earth’s ecosystems
- produce O2 –> allows for all other life to grow

Question 36

cyanobacteria are able to…

Answer 36

nitrogen fix- uptake nitrogen as nutrients for food webs

Question 37

cyanobacteria can cause __ due to ___

Answer 37

algae blooms due to eutrophication

Question 38

eutrophication

Answer 38

accumulation of cyanobacteria/algal blooms

Question 39

what causes eutrophication?

Answer 39

excess nitrogen and phosphorous (runoff from agriculture, manure, industries)

Question 40

why are algal blooms/eutrophication bad?

Answer 40

blooms cover water, algae die, bacteria decompose (requires oxygen), use too much O2 and all other life in water system “drowns”

Question 41

dead zones

Answer 41

no life in waterways due to lack of O2 from eutrophication/algal blooms

Question 42

archaea have the nickname “___” because…

Answer 42

extreme-ophiles bc they can survive/thrive in extreme environments (high salinity, low pH, high temps, etc.)

Question 43

archaea are…

Answer 43

single-celled (prokaryotes), don’t synthesize proteins

Question 44

archaea are a __ species

Answer 44

cosmopolitan

Question 45

methanogens

Answer 45

methane releasing archaea around in anaerobic environments (ex: cows/ruminant animals, guts, marshes)

Question 46

ESPs

Answer 46

eukaryotic signature proteins
- allow for endocytosis

Question 47

endocytosis

Answer 47

ability to engulf others, how mitochondria and organelles came to be

Question 48

crenarchaeota

Answer 48

lover extreme temps

Question 49

euryarchaeota

Answer 49

love very salty places (high salinity)

Question 50

T/F: Archaea can cause disease

Answer 50

FALSE!!