Disorders of the orbit & Nasolacrimal System Flashcards

1
Q

Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess causes (5)

A

1) penetrating wound through mouth
2) foreign body
3) tooth root abscess
4) infection of zygomatic/ salivary gland
5) idiopathic

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2
Q

Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess clinical signs (6)

A

1) Acute unilateral exophthalmos
2) pain upon globe retropulsion & opening of the mouth
3) protrusion of 3rd eyelid
5)conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis
6) periocular swelling, mucopurulent discharge

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3
Q

How are Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess diagnosed and treated (4)

A

1) Ultrasound
2) CT scan
3) Drainage
4) systemic antibiotic

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4
Q

Sialocele (2)

A

1) Acquired disorder
2) Cystic structures: grandular or epithelial tissue

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5
Q

Sialocele causes (3)

A

1) trauma to the head
2) leakage of saliva from zygomatic gland/duct
3) ulceration of oral mucosa: obstruction of saliva outflow

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6
Q

Masticatory Muscle Myositis signalment and causes (3)

A

1) dogs, young, large breeds
2) immune mediated inflammatory myopathy
3) temporalis, masseter & pterygoid muscle

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7
Q

Masticatory Muscle Myositis acute phase clinical signs (5)

A

1) Exophthalmos with 3rd eyelid elevation
2) severe pain upon palpation
3) restricted jaw movements
4) anorexia
5) +/- blindness: optic neuritis

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8
Q

Extraocular Muscle Myositis (2)

A

1) Immune mediated inflammatory myopathy to extraocular muscles
2) CD3 + lymphocytic infiltration

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9
Q

Extraocular muscle Myositis clinical signs (3)

A

1) Bilateral exophthalmos without third eyelid elevation
2) not painful
3) retraction of the upper eyelid

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10
Q

Orbital Neoplasia (2)

A

1) Primary: arise from orbital tissue
2) Secondary: invade the orbit from adjacent structures or metastasize from distant sites

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11
Q

Orbital Neoplasia clinical signs (5)

A

1) Slowly progressive exophthalmos
2) not painful
3) typically unilateral
4) decrease globe retropulsion
5) 3rd eyelid elevation

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12
Q

Proptosis (3)

A

1) Sudden forward displacement of the globe with entrapment of the eyelids
2) Brachycephalic breeds
3) cats require greater force (poor prognosis)

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13
Q

Premature Evaporation of Tears causes (4)

A

1) Qualitative tear film deficiencies
2) marginal blephritis/meibomianitis
3) autoimmune diseases affecting mucocutaneous junctions
4) severe cicatrization/conjunctival scarring

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14
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) causes (7)

A

1) Quantitative Aqueous deficiency
2) Immune mediated (most common)
3) congenital (alacrima, lacromal gland hypoplasia)
4) Infectious (canine distemper)
5) Drug induced (sulfanamides, atropine, topical anesthesia)
6) Iatrogenic (third eyelid gland removal)
7) Neurogenic (parasympathetic denervation)

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15
Q

Congenital anomalies of the orbit (6)

A

1) Anophthalmia
2) Microphthalmia
3)Synophthalmia
4) Cyclopia
5) Converging Strabismus
6) Diverging Strabismus

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16
Q

Anophthalmia (3)

A

1) absence of the eye
2) severe developmental deficiency in the primative forebrain: nonviable fetus
3) close exam reveals primative ocular tissues

17
Q

Microphthalmia (2)

A

1) early deficiency in the size of the globe
2) associated w/ small palpebral fissure

18
Q

Causes of Microphthalmia (5)

A

1) hereditary
2) merle ocular dysgenesis (MOD)
3) Collie eye anomaly (CEA)
4) BVDV
5) Nutritional (hypovitaminosis A-pig)

19
Q

Synophthalmia (3)

A

1) 2 incompletely separated of fused fused globes
2) severe cranial malformations: nonviable fetus
3) ingestion of Veratrum californicum weed on day 14 of gestation

20
Q

Converging strabismus (3)

A

1) eyes meeting at a point- nose
2) bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmia (BCSE)
3) Inherited in Siamese cats

21
Q

Diverging strabismus (2)

A

1) Eyes going in different directions
2) considered normal in brachycephalic breeds

22
Q

Clinical manifestations of nasolacrimal system disorders (2)

A

1)Epiphora (most common): onstruction of tear flow through NLS or over production of tears
2) Mucopurulent puntal, conjunctival & nasal discharge

23
Q

What is the Jone’s test?

A

Fluorescein dye passage
- normograde (eye to nose)
- retrograde (nose to eye