Disorders of the orbit & Nasolacrimal System Flashcards
Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess causes (5)
1) penetrating wound through mouth
2) foreign body
3) tooth root abscess
4) infection of zygomatic/ salivary gland
5) idiopathic
Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess clinical signs (6)
1) Acute unilateral exophthalmos
2) pain upon globe retropulsion & opening of the mouth
3) protrusion of 3rd eyelid
5)conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis
6) periocular swelling, mucopurulent discharge
How are Oribital cellulitis/ Abscess diagnosed and treated (4)
1) Ultrasound
2) CT scan
3) Drainage
4) systemic antibiotic
Sialocele (2)
1) Acquired disorder
2) Cystic structures: grandular or epithelial tissue
Sialocele causes (3)
1) trauma to the head
2) leakage of saliva from zygomatic gland/duct
3) ulceration of oral mucosa: obstruction of saliva outflow
Masticatory Muscle Myositis signalment and causes (3)
1) dogs, young, large breeds
2) immune mediated inflammatory myopathy
3) temporalis, masseter & pterygoid muscle
Masticatory Muscle Myositis acute phase clinical signs (5)
1) Exophthalmos with 3rd eyelid elevation
2) severe pain upon palpation
3) restricted jaw movements
4) anorexia
5) +/- blindness: optic neuritis
Extraocular Muscle Myositis (2)
1) Immune mediated inflammatory myopathy to extraocular muscles
2) CD3 + lymphocytic infiltration
Extraocular muscle Myositis clinical signs (3)
1) Bilateral exophthalmos without third eyelid elevation
2) not painful
3) retraction of the upper eyelid
Orbital Neoplasia (2)
1) Primary: arise from orbital tissue
2) Secondary: invade the orbit from adjacent structures or metastasize from distant sites
Orbital Neoplasia clinical signs (5)
1) Slowly progressive exophthalmos
2) not painful
3) typically unilateral
4) decrease globe retropulsion
5) 3rd eyelid elevation
Proptosis (3)
1) Sudden forward displacement of the globe with entrapment of the eyelids
2) Brachycephalic breeds
3) cats require greater force (poor prognosis)
Premature Evaporation of Tears causes (4)
1) Qualitative tear film deficiencies
2) marginal blephritis/meibomianitis
3) autoimmune diseases affecting mucocutaneous junctions
4) severe cicatrization/conjunctival scarring
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) causes (7)
1) Quantitative Aqueous deficiency
2) Immune mediated (most common)
3) congenital (alacrima, lacromal gland hypoplasia)
4) Infectious (canine distemper)
5) Drug induced (sulfanamides, atropine, topical anesthesia)
6) Iatrogenic (third eyelid gland removal)
7) Neurogenic (parasympathetic denervation)
Congenital anomalies of the orbit (6)
1) Anophthalmia
2) Microphthalmia
3)Synophthalmia
4) Cyclopia
5) Converging Strabismus
6) Diverging Strabismus
Anophthalmia (3)
1) absence of the eye
2) severe developmental deficiency in the primative forebrain: nonviable fetus
3) close exam reveals primative ocular tissues
Microphthalmia (2)
1) early deficiency in the size of the globe
2) associated w/ small palpebral fissure
Causes of Microphthalmia (5)
1) hereditary
2) merle ocular dysgenesis (MOD)
3) Collie eye anomaly (CEA)
4) BVDV
5) Nutritional (hypovitaminosis A-pig)
Synophthalmia (3)
1) 2 incompletely separated of fused fused globes
2) severe cranial malformations: nonviable fetus
3) ingestion of Veratrum californicum weed on day 14 of gestation
Converging strabismus (3)
1) eyes meeting at a point- nose
2) bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmia (BCSE)
3) Inherited in Siamese cats
Diverging strabismus (2)
1) Eyes going in different directions
2) considered normal in brachycephalic breeds
Clinical manifestations of nasolacrimal system disorders (2)
1)Epiphora (most common): onstruction of tear flow through NLS or over production of tears
2) Mucopurulent puntal, conjunctival & nasal discharge
What is the Jone’s test?
Fluorescein dye passage
- normograde (eye to nose)
- retrograde (nose to eye
