Bacteriology 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Defense mechanisms of the eye (2)

A

1) Normal Flora
2) Tears and blinking

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2
Q

How does normal flora help prevent eye infections (2)

A

1) Primarily Gram + bacteria present at low numbers
2) limit the ability of pathogens to attach & cause disease

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3
Q

How do tears and blinking help prevent eye infections (2)

A

1) Rinse ocular surface
2) Contain antibacterial substances (IgA, Lysozyme and lactoferrin)

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4
Q

Predisposing risk factors for extraocular infections (6)

A

1) most extra cellular infections are secondary
2) Trauma
3) Infections in adjacent structures
4) Drying of cornea
5) Immunosupression
6) Co-infection w/ other organs

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5
Q

Predisposing risk factors for intraocular infections (3)

A

1) most are secondary
2) often ocular manifestations of systemic infections or disease
3) Some intraocular infections result from direct inoculation

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6
Q

Mechanisms of damage of pathogens (4)

A

1) Adhere
2) Invade Tissues
3) Evade host defense mechanisms
4) cause host cell damage

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7
Q

Extraocular Infections (7)

A

1) blepharitis
2) conjunctivitis
3) keratitis
4) keratoconjunctivitis
5) fungal infections
6) viral keratitis/conjunctivitis
7) viral corneal edema

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8
Q

Causes for blepharitis (6)

A

1) Gram + cocci
2) S. pseudintermedius, B. hemolytic streptococci, S. canis, S. zooepidemicus
3) dermatophytes
4) cuterebra larvae
5) sarcoptes
6) demodex

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9
Q

Cause of conjunctivitis (3)

A

1)Chlamydia felis
2) Mycoplasma spp.
3) Pasturella multocida

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10
Q

Chlamydia felis (4)

A

1) Young cats
2) act alone or coinfection with feline herpes, mycoplasma
3) carrier animals source of infection

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11
Q

Mycoplasma spp. (2)

A

1) cause of conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis
2) act alone or in coinfection

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12
Q

Species infected by Mycoplasma spp. that cause conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis (5)

A

1) cats
2) sheep
3) goats
4) cattle
5) finches

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13
Q

Cause of keratitis (3)

A

1) Gram + cocci
2) S. pseudintermedius, B. hemolytic streptococci, S. canis, S. zooepidemicus
3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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14
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3)

A

1) poor pathogen
2) needs primary corneal damage to infect
3) may see melting ulcers
4) disease most associated is Equine keratitis

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5)

A

1) pili mediate attachment & colonization of damaged stroma
2) multiplication & invasion into corneal stroma
3) production of exotoxins
4) kill corneal epithelial cells
5) keratitis will exudate

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16
Q

Clinical importance of melting ulcers

A

can cause rapid iris prolapse & globe collapse

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17
Q

What additional testing should be done if Pseudomonas aeruginosa is cultured and why?

A

Susceptibility testing because it is not predictably susceptible & lots of intrinsic antimicrobial resistance

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18
Q

Cause of keratoconjunctivitis (1)

A

Moraxella bovis

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19
Q

Diseased caused by Moraxella bovis (1)

A

Bovine keratoconjunctivitis aka PINK EYE

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20
Q

Moraxella bovis characteristics (3)

A

1) Gram - rods
2) coccobacilli
3) strict aerobes

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21
Q

Conditions that predispose to Moraxella bovis (6)

A

1) breeds that lack eye pigment
2) young
3) bull calf
4) UV exposure
5) dry/dusty conditions
6) crowded conditions

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22
Q

Transmission of Moraxella bovis (2)

A

1) infected carrier animals
2) mechanical transmission; flying insects

23
Q

Pathogenesis Moraxella bovis (3)

A

1) damage to the eye
2) fimbrie (pili) allow for attachment
3) Hemolysin

24
Q

What is the basis for the Moraxella bovis vaccine?

A

Fimbrie (pili)

25
Q

Potential sequelae to Bovine keratoconjunctivitis (2)

A

1) globe rupture
2) secondary infection: hypopyon

26
Q

Prevention/control for Bovine keratoconjunctivitis (5)

A

1) avoid predisposing factors
2) isolate affected animals
3) decrease stocking rates
4) add shade/fly control
5) VACCINATION**

27
Q

Cause for periocular infections

A

Dermatophytes (ringworm)

28
Q

Cause for surface ocular infections: Fungal keratitis (3)

A

1) fusarium
2) penicillum
3) aspergillus

29
Q

What species is fungal keratitis most common

A

Horses

30
Q

Transmission of fungal keratitis (1)

A

1) innoculation of organisms into traumatized corneal epithelium

31
Q

Virulence factors for fungal keratitis (2)

A

1) may inhibit corneal neovascularization
2) reduced neutrophil infiltration & cell-mediated phagocytosis & result in impeded healing

32
Q

Causes of Viral keratitis/conjunctivitis (2)

A

1) feline herpes
2) Distemper

33
Q

Feline herpes virus-1

A

1) contact with nasal, oral & conjunctival secretions of infected animals
2) short replication cycle
3) rapid cell to cell spread
4) tendency to induce cell lysis
5) persistence in sensory ganglia

34
Q

Sequele of feline herpes virus-1

A

symbepharon= adhesion of the conjunctiva to itself or to the cornea

35
Q

Canine distemper (3)

A

1) acute blephritis & conjunctivitis (1st clinical sign)
2) acute keratoconjunctivitis
3) intraocular & extraocular disease

36
Q

Causes of viral corneal edema

A

Canine adenovirus-1

37
Q

canine adenovirus-1 (5)

A

1) cause of infectious canine hepatitis
2) diffuse corneal edema “Blue eye”
3) deposit of immune complexes on endothelial cell of the eye
4) anterior uveitis
5) intraocular and extraocular disease

38
Q

Diseases that cause intraocular infections (5)

A

1) Leptospirra spp.
2) Gram - bacteria
3) Rickettsial infection
4) Viral infections
5) Fungal infections

39
Q

Leptospirra spp. (2)

A

1) anterior uveitis (ERU)
2) important in horses

40
Q

Gram - bacteria that can cause intraocular infections (4)

A

1) enterobacterales
2) histophilus somni
3) Borrelia burgdorferi
4) Brucella canis

41
Q

Causes of rickettsial eye infections (2)

A

1) Ehrlichia canis
2) Rickettsia rickettsii

42
Q

Causes of viral intraocular infections (3)

A

1) Feline coronavirus
2) Feline leukemia virus
3) Malignant catarrhal fever

43
Q

Feline coronavirus (3)

A

1) ocular manifestation predominantly in the “dry” form
2) bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis & chorioretinitis
3) frequently see large keratic percipitates in anterior chamber

44
Q

Feline leukemia virus (3)

A

1) ocular manifestation is ocular lymphosarcoma
2) uveal tract common for metastasis

45
Q

Signs of feline leukemia virus (5)

A

1) mild uveitis
2) aqueous flare
3) keratitic precipitates
4) iris thickened- progression
5) glaucoma- progression

46
Q

Causes of fungal eye infections (3)

A

1) Histoplasmosis
2) Blastomycosis
3) Cryptococcosis

47
Q

Fungal eye infection characteristics (3)

A

1) severe systemic fungal infections have ocular signs
2) associated w/ posterior uveitis & anterior uveitis & chorioretinitis
3) ocular signs are the primary clinical manifestation of systemic mycosis

48
Q

Histoplasmosis (2)

A

1) Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi
2) can occur in cats; uncommon in dogs

49
Q

Blastomycosis (2)

A

1) mississippi/ohio & central atlantic states
2) ocular lesion in ~50% of dogs

50
Q

Ocular lesions of Blastomycosis (3)

A

1) chorioretinitis
2) anterior uveitis
3) endophthalmitis

51
Q

Cryptococcosis (2)

A

1) most common feline mycotic
2) chorioretinitis w/ granulomatous inflammation & retinal detachment; optic neuritis

52
Q

Parasitic intraocular infectious causes

A

Toxoplasma gondii

53
Q

Toxoplasma gondii (4)

A

1) most common lesion is chorioretinitis
2) multifocal dark gray infiltrates in the tepetal fundus
3) fluffy white infiltrates in the nontepetal fundus
5) +/- anterior uveitis