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Patho > Disorders of the immune response > Flashcards

Disorders of the immune response Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of immunodeficiency states

A

-Primary (congenital or inherited)
-Secondary (acquired later in life)

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2
Q

4 major categories of immune mechanisms

A

-Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity (B lymphocytes)
-Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)
-The complement system
-Phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)

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3
Q

The phagocytic system

A

composed primarily of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

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4
Q

Action of Phagocytic system

A

-migrate to the site of infection
-aggregate around the affected tissue
-envelope the invading microorganisms
-generate microbicidal substances to kill the ingested pathogens

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5
Q

Dysfunction of the phagocytic system

A

a defect phagocytic function or a reduction in the number of available cells
-Susceptible to candida species, filamentous fungi, and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-development of response to the antigen
-specific humoral and cellular recognition
-memory cells

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7
Q

hypersensitivity disorders

A

excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system

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8
Q

Types of hypersensitivity disorders

A

-Type I IgE-mediated disorders
-Type II antibdy-mediated disorders
-Type III complement-mediated immune disorders
-Type IV T-cell-mediated disorders

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9
Q

Types of IgE-mediated allergic reactions

A

Atopic disorders- heredity predisposition and production of a local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents (Urticaria (hives), allergic rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, food allergies, some forms of asthma

Nonatopic disorders- lack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atopic disorders

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10
Q

Phases of type I hypersensitivity reactions

A

Primary or initial-phase response (vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contraction)
Secondary or late-phase response (more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, tissue destruction in the form of epithelial cell damage)

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11
Q

Type II (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions

A

mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components

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12
Q

Examples of Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions

A

-mismatched blood transfusion reactions
-hemolytic disease of the newborn
-certain drug reactions

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13
Q

Type III immune complex allergic disorders

A

mediated by the formation of insoluble antigen- antibody complexes that activate the complement pathway

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14
Q

Activation of the complement pathway by the immune complex generates…

A

chemotactic and vasoactive mediators that cause damage by…
-alterations of blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and destructive action of inflammatory cells

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15
Q

Responsible for the vasculitis seen in certain autoimmune disease

A

Type III immune complex allergic disorders

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16
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions

A

Cell-mediated Immune response

17
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

-the principal mechanism of response to a variety of microorganisms, including intracellular pathogens and extracellular agents
-can lead to cell death and tissue injury in response to chemical antigens or self-antigens

18
Q

basic types of cell-mediated immune response

A

-direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ex; hepatitis)
-delayed-type hypersensitivity (ex; allergic contract dermatitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

19
Q

Histocompatibility complex

A

Set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces
-lymphocyte recognition
-antigen presentation

controls the immune response through recognition of “self” and “nonself”

20
Q

categories of transplanted tissue

A

*Allogenic- the donor and recipient are related or unrelated but share similar HLA types
*Syngeneic- the donor and recipient are identical twins
*Autologous- the donor and recipient are the same person

21
Q

Stem cell transplantation

A

primary immunodeficiency disorders traced to deficiency in stem cells can be cured with allogenic stem cell tx from an unaffected donor
-SCIDs, wiskott-aldrich syndrome, and chronic granulomatous disease

22
Q

stem cells

A

can repopulate the bone marrow and reestablish hematopoiesis
-to be effective the bone marrow cells of the host are destroyed by myeloablative doses of chemotherapy

23
Q

Basic patterns of transplant rejection

A

-hyperacute reaction
-acute rejection
-chronic host versus graft rejection

24
Q

hyperacute rejection

A
  • occurs almost immediately after transplantation
    -produced by existing recipient antibodies to graft antigens initiating a type III, Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction
25
Q

Acute rejection

A

-occurs within first few months after transplantation with signs of organ failure; may occur months or years after immunosuppression has been terminated
-T lymphocytes respond to antigens in the graft tissue

26
Q

Chronic host versus graft rejection

A

-occurs over a prolonged period
-manifests with dense intimal fibrosis of blood vessels of the transplanted organ
the actual mechanism is unclear but may include release of cytokines that stimulate fibrosis

27
Q

Requirements for GVHD

A

-The transplant must have a functional cellular immune component
-The recipient tissue must bear antigens foreign to the donor tissue
the recipient immunity must be compromised to the point that it cannot destroy the transplanted cells

28
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A
  • Systemic lupus (SLE)
    -Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
    -Pemphigus vulgaris
    -Hashimoto thyroiditis
29
Q

Mechanisms of autoimmune disease

A

*Heredity and gender
*Failure of self-tolerance
-disorders in MHC-antigen complex/receptor interactions
-molecular mimicry
-superantigens

30
Q

Criteria for determining an autoimmune disorder

A

*evidence of an autoimmune reaction
*determination that the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition
*the lack of other identified causes for the disorder

31
Q

Transmission of HIV infection

A

-sexual contact
-blood to blood contact
-perinatally
*transmission from mother to infant is the most common way that children become infected

32
Q

Phases of HIV infection

A
  1. primary infection phase
  2. chronic asymptomatic or latency phase
  3. overt AIDS phase
33
Q

HIV diagnostic methods

A
  • enzyme immunoassay
  • western blot antibody detection tests
34
Q

HIV treatment

A

-reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-protease inhibitors
-fusion inhibitors

Patho (8 decks)

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