Blood cells and the hematopoietic system

Question 1

Hematopoietic system

Answer 1

-all blood vessels and their precursors
-the bone marrow, where cells have their origin
-the lymphoid tissues where some blood cells circulate as they develop and mature

Question 2

3 functions of plasma components of blood

Answer 2

-carry the cells that transport gases
-aid in body defenses
-prevent blood loss

Question 3

types of plasma proteins

Answer 3

-albumin
-globulins
-fibrinogen

Question 4

albumin

Answer 4

*comprises approximately 54% of the plasma proteins

-contributes to plasma osmotic pressure and the maintenance blood volume

-serves as a carrier for certain substances

Question 5

Globulins

Answer 5

*comprise approximately 38% of plasma proteins
-alpha globulins transport bilirubin and steroids
-beta globulins transport iron and copper
-gamma globulins constitute the antibodies of the immune system

Question 6

Fibrinogen

Answer 6

*makes up approximately 7% of the plasma proteins
-is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

Question 7

Neutrophils

Answer 7

*constitute 50% to 60% of white blood cells
*primarily responsible for maintaining normal host defenses against invading substances
-first cells to arrive at the site of infection
-have their origins in the myeloblasts found in the bone marrow
-move to the tissue for approximately 1 to 3 days (die in the tissue discharging phagocytic function or die senescence)

Question 8

Eosinophils

Answer 8

*1% to 3% of the total number of white blood cells
*increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
-associated with allergic reactions

Question 9

In parasitic infection, the eosinophils…

Answer 9

use surface markers to attach themselves to the parasite and then release hydrolytic enzymes

Question 10

Basophils

Answer 10

• 0.3% to 0.5% of the total leukocytes
  -consist of heparin, an anticoagulant, histamine, a vasodilator, and other mediators of inflammation
  -similar to mast cells
  -involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

Question 11

Lymphocytes

Answer 11

*20% to 30% of the total blood leukocytes
-function in the lymph nodes or spleen to defend against microorganisms through the immune response

Question 12

3 types of of lymphocytes

Answer 12

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
natural killer cells

Question 13

Monocytes and macrophages

Answer 13

*3% to 8% of the total leukocyte count

-cells survive for months to years in the tissues

-important role in chronic inflammation

-involved in the immune response (activating lymphocytes, presenting antigen to T cells)

Question 14

Thrombocytes

Answer 14

-Circulating cell fragments to the large megakaryocytes
-Function to form the platelet plug to help control bleeding
-8 to 9 days in circulation

Question 15

Hematopoiesis

Answer 15

• blood cell originate from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 16

Cytokines

Answer 16

*hormone like growth factors
- controls the proliferation, differentiation, and functional abilities of the various blood cells

Question 17

Useful hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 17

-EPO
-TPO
-G-CSF
-GM-CSF

Question 18

Conditions that respond to use of hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 18

-Bone marrow failure caused by chemotherapy or aplastic anemia

-Anemia and kidney failure

-Hematopoietic neoplasm

-ID such as AIDS

-Congenital and myeloproliferative disorders

-Some solid tumors

Question 19

Hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 19

-increase peripheral stem cells for transplantation
-accelerate cell proliferation after bone marrow engraftment

Question 20

Complete blood count

Answer 20

provides info regarding the number of blood cells and their structural and functional
characteristics
-CBC commonly performed to determine RBC, WBC, and Plt per unit of blood

Question 21

white cell differential count

Answer 21

is the determination of the relative proportions (percentages of individual white cell types