Disorders of Sodium Flashcards

1
Q
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2
Q

Describe the mechanisms involved in sodium homeostasis.

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3
Q

Define the following terms:
1. hypernatremia
2. osmolality
3. osmolarity - how is it calculated?

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4
Q

What clinical features on exam would indicate:
1. hypovolemia

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5
Q

What clinical features on exam would indicate:
2. hypervolemia

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6
Q

There are renal and non-renal causes of hypernatremia, where renal causes are more common.
What are the renal causes of hypernatremia? Explain how they result in hypernatremia.

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7
Q

There are renal and non-renal causes of hypernatremia, where renal causes are more common.
What are the non-renal causes of hypernatremia?

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8
Q

List some ddx for hypernatremia.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia ( not all the symptoms - just hypernatremia)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?

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11
Q

What are ALL the common symptoms of hypernatremia?(not specific to hypernatremia).

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12
Q

What are the common signs of hypernatremia?

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13
Q

How would you investigate DI?

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14
Q

List and justify all the investigations for hypernatremia.

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15
Q

What is the target for serum sodium?

A

<145mmol/L

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16
Q

What is hypovolemic, euvolemic and Hypervolemic in terms of plasma osmolality? How is it calculated?

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17
Q

What is considered to be a diluted urine vs concentrated urine in term of urine osmolality?

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18
Q

What measures can be taken to prevent hypernatremia?

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19
Q

How is the desmopressin stimulation test and water deprivation test aid in the dx of DI?

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20
Q

Outline the acute management of hyperkalemia.

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21
Q

Outline the management of DI.

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22
Q

Outline the full management of hypernatremia.

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23
Q

How would you quantify hyponatremia>

A

serum Na <135mmol/L

24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hyponatremia?

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25
Q

What are the causes of psuedo-hyponatremia?

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26
Q

How would you classify the causes of hyponatremia?

A
  1. Renal loss vs renal compensation (urine na < 20 vs >40)
  2. hypovolaemia, euvolaemia and hypervolaemia.
27
Q

What the causes of a hypovolemic hyponatremia?

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28
Q

What the causes of a euvolemic hyponatremia?

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29
Q

What the causes of a hypervolemic hyponatremia?

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30
Q

What are ALL the causes of hyponatremia?

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31
Q

Define SIADH

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32
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for SIADH?

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33
Q

What are the common symptoms of hyponatremia?

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34
Q

What questions would you ask a patient presenting with a suspected hyponatremia? include symptoms.

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35
Q

What are the common exam findings of hyponatremia?

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36
Q

What are the 6 main investigations for hyponatremia?

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37
Q

What other imaging investigations can be done to determine the cause of hyponatremia?

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38
Q

Outline the acute management of hyponatremia. What is the aim of acute management?

A

aim - rise by 4-6mmol

39
Q

Outline the long-term management of hyponatremia. What is the aim of long-term management?

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40
Q

Outline the full management of hyponatremia.

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41
Q

What are the complications of hyponatremia?

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