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Pathophysiology > Disorders Of Fluid And Electrolyte > Flashcards

Disorders Of Fluid And Electrolyte Flashcards

1
Q

Tonicity`

A

The effect that the osmotic pressure of a solution with impermeable salutes exerts on cells

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2
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same concentration of fluid and blood. Normal saline: .9

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3
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution has a lot of water.. the cells swell

Move out of the tissues: dehydration

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4
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Many more particles than blood. Pulls fluid from the tissue.

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5
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Fluid pushing against the vessel trying to get out.

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6
Q

Colloid Osmotic pressure

A

Particles within the vessel trying to hold fluid in and keep balance in that way.

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7
Q

Lymph drainage

A

Drains excess things into the lymph system

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8
Q

Serum osmolality

A

Tells the hypothalamus that there are more particles; thirsty.

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9
Q

Blood volume

A

How much fluid we have. When there’s not enough it tells the hypothalamus to release ADH. Which then then causes reabsorption of water by the kidney

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10
Q

High osmolarity causes

A

Thirst: increased water intake

ADH release: water reabsorbed from the urine

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11
Q

Low Osmolality causes

A

Lack of thirst: decrease water intake

Decreased ADH release: Water lost in urine

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12
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A 
Neurogenic
Nephrogenic
Excess urine output
Hypertonic dehydration 
DDAVP: desmopressin acetate
Thiazide diuretics: paradoxical effect
Stop urine output.
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13
Q

Neurogenic

A

Decreased ADH production: head injury

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14
Q

Nephrogenic

A

Decreased renal response to ADH: Kidney isn’t responding to ADH

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15
Q

SIADH: Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

A 
Failure of hypothalamus
Transient: stress, surgery, lung tumors
Excessive ADH secretion 
Decreased urine output 
Dilution also hyponatremia 
Treatment: Water restriction, diuretics, aquaretics
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16
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate in solution to form charged particles or ions
Electrolytes are essential in metabolic processes

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17
Q

Sodium

A

Normal level is 135-145

Major electrolyte in the blood

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18
Q

Neurons can protect themselves form what

A

Hypertonic dehydration

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19
Q

Neurons

A

Create internal solutes that hold the water inside the cell.

20
Q

Neuron response to hypertonicity

A

Increased blood osmolality can cause cells to shrink they lose water to the vascular space.
Neve cells procure intracellular osmoles to keep their osmolality balanced with the blood

21
Q

Neuron response to hypertonicity

A

If the blood returns to isotonic to fast the nerve cells are hyperosmolar to the blood and gain water: swelling
Cerebral edema: can lead to brain damage or herniation

22
Q

Potassium

A

Normal level is 3.5-5.0
Controls cell resting potential
Needed for Na+/K+ pump
Exchanged for H+ to buffer changes in blood pH

23
Q

Hyperkalemia

A 
Raises resting potential toward threshold. 
Cells fire more easily. 
Potassium in the blood
HR increased wont respond normally
Tachycardia
24
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Lowers resting potential away form threshold
Cells fire less easily
Bradycardia HR decreases
Not enough potassium in the blood

25
Q

Alkalosis (potassium as a buffer)

A

Not enough H+ ions in the blood
Cells release H+ ions to fix this imbalance and take up K+ ions in exchange
Blood K+ will decrease
Hypokalemia

26
Q

Acidosis (potassium as a buffer)

A

Too many H+ ions in the blood
Cells keep H+ ions inside to fix the imbalance and release K+ in exchange
Blood K+ will increase
Hyperkalemia

27
Q

Calcium

A

Normal range 8.5-10.5

Clottin

28
Q

Extracellular calcium

A

Blocks Na+ gates in nerve and muscle cells controls excessive firing (Tetany)

29
Q

Intracellular calcium

A

Needed for all muscle contraction (cardiac and skeletal)

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases serum Ca+

31
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases serum Ca+

32
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Blocks more Na+ gates

Nerves are less able to fire

33
Q

Hypocacemia

A

Blocks fewer Na+ gates

Nerves fire more easily

34
Q

Hypokalemia: Neuromuscular

A

Parenthesis, cramps, hyperrelexia, tetanyu

35
Q

Hypocalcemia: CV

A

Hypotension, prolonged QT

36
Q

Hypocalcemia: Skeletal

A

Osteoporosis

37
Q

Hypercalcemia: Renal

A

Renal insufficiency

Kidney stones

38
Q

Hypercalcemia: Neuromuscular

A

Ataxia, weakness, lethargy, coma

39
Q

Hypercalcema: CV

A

Hypertension

40
Q

Magnesium

A

Normal Level: 1.8-2.7
Cofactors in enzymatic reactions:
- ATP, DNA replication, mRNA production
Regulates Ca+ levels by binding to receptors
Interdependent with K+
-affects heart rhythm- life threatening (cardiac dysrthmias)

41
Q

Hypomagnesim: Neuromuscular

A

Weakness parathesias, Personality changes

42
Q

Hypomagnesim: CV

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

43
Q

Hypermagnesemia: Neuromuscular

A

Lethargy, hyporeflexia, confusion, coma

44
Q

Hypermagnesemia: CV

A

Hypotension, Arrhythmias, arrest.

45
Q

Phosphorous

A 
Bone
Red blood cell
Acid/base
Many enzymatic processes
Reciprocal relationship with Ca+
Regulated by kidney

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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