Disorders Of Fluid And Electrolyte

Question 1

Tonicity`

Answer 1

The effect that the osmotic pressure of a solution with impermeable salutes exerts on cells

Question 2

Isotonic solution

Answer 2

Same concentration of fluid and blood. Normal saline: .9

Question 3

Hypotonic solution

Answer 3

Solution has a lot of water.. the cells swell

Move out of the tissues: dehydration

Question 4

Hypertonic solution

Answer 4

Many more particles than blood. Pulls fluid from the tissue.

Question 5

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 5

Fluid pushing against the vessel trying to get out.

Question 6

Colloid Osmotic pressure

Answer 6

Particles within the vessel trying to hold fluid in and keep balance in that way.

Question 7

Lymph drainage

Answer 7

Drains excess things into the lymph system

Question 8

Serum osmolality

Answer 8

Tells the hypothalamus that there are more particles; thirsty.

Question 9

Blood volume

Answer 9

How much fluid we have. When there’s not enough it tells the hypothalamus to release ADH. Which then then causes reabsorption of water by the kidney

Question 10

High osmolarity causes

Answer 10

Thirst: increased water intake

ADH release: water reabsorbed from the urine

Question 11

Low Osmolality causes

Answer 11

Lack of thirst: decrease water intake

Decreased ADH release: Water lost in urine

Question 12

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 12

Neurogenic
Nephrogenic
Excess urine output
Hypertonic dehydration 
DDAVP: desmopressin acetate
Thiazide diuretics: paradoxical effect
Stop urine output.

Question 13

Neurogenic

Answer 13

Decreased ADH production: head injury

Question 14

Nephrogenic

Answer 14

Decreased renal response to ADH: Kidney isn’t responding to ADH

Question 15

SIADH: Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

Answer 15

Failure of hypothalamus
Transient: stress, surgery, lung tumors
Excessive ADH secretion 
Decreased urine output 
Dilution also hyponatremia 
Treatment: Water restriction, diuretics, aquaretics

Question 16

What are electrolytes

Answer 16

Substances that dissociate in solution to form charged particles or ions
Electrolytes are essential in metabolic processes

Question 17

Sodium

Answer 17

Normal level is 135-145

Major electrolyte in the blood

Question 18

Neurons can protect themselves form what

Answer 18

Hypertonic dehydration

Question 19

Neurons

Answer 19

Create internal solutes that hold the water inside the cell.

Question 20

Neuron response to hypertonicity

Answer 20

Increased blood osmolality can cause cells to shrink they lose water to the vascular space.
Neve cells procure intracellular osmoles to keep their osmolality balanced with the blood

Question 21

Neuron response to hypertonicity

Answer 21

If the blood returns to isotonic to fast the nerve cells are hyperosmolar to the blood and gain water: swelling
Cerebral edema: can lead to brain damage or herniation

Question 22

Potassium

Answer 22

Normal level is 3.5-5.0
Controls cell resting potential
Needed for Na+/K+ pump
Exchanged for H+ to buffer changes in blood pH

Question 23

Hyperkalemia

Answer 23

Raises resting potential toward threshold. 
Cells fire more easily. 
Potassium in the blood
HR increased wont respond normally
Tachycardia

Question 24

Hypokalemia

Answer 24

Lowers resting potential away form threshold
Cells fire less easily
Bradycardia HR decreases
Not enough potassium in the blood

Question 25

Alkalosis (potassium as a buffer)

Answer 25

Not enough H+ ions in the blood Cells release H+ ions to fix this imbalance and take up K+ ions in exchange Blood K+ will decrease Hypokalemia

Question 26

Acidosis (potassium as a buffer)

Answer 26

Too many H+ ions in the blood Cells keep H+ ions inside to fix the imbalance and release K+ in exchange Blood K+ will increase Hyperkalemia

Question 27

Calcium

Answer 27

Normal range 8.5-10.5 | Clottin

Question 28

Extracellular calcium

Answer 28

Blocks Na+ gates in nerve and muscle cells controls excessive firing (Tetany)

Question 29

Intracellular calcium

Answer 29

Needed for all muscle contraction (cardiac and skeletal)

Question 30

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 30

Increases serum Ca+

Question 31

Calcitonin

Answer 31

Decreases serum Ca+

Question 32

Hypercalcemia

Answer 32

Blocks more Na+ gates | Nerves are less able to fire

Question 33

Hypocacemia

Answer 33

Blocks fewer Na+ gates | Nerves fire more easily

Question 34

Hypokalemia: Neuromuscular

Answer 34

Parenthesis, cramps, hyperrelexia, tetanyu

Question 35

Hypocalcemia: CV

Answer 35

Hypotension, prolonged QT

Question 36

Hypocalcemia: Skeletal

Answer 36

Osteoporosis

Question 37

Hypercalcemia: Renal

Answer 37

Renal insufficiency | Kidney stones

Question 38

Hypercalcemia: Neuromuscular

Answer 38

Ataxia, weakness, lethargy, coma

Question 39

Hypercalcema: CV

Answer 39

Hypertension

Question 40

Magnesium

Answer 40

Normal Level: 1.8-2.7 Cofactors in enzymatic reactions: - ATP, DNA replication, mRNA production Regulates Ca+ levels by binding to receptors Interdependent with K+ -affects heart rhythm- life threatening (cardiac dysrthmias)

Question 41

Hypomagnesim: Neuromuscular

Answer 41

Weakness parathesias, Personality changes

Question 42

Hypomagnesim: CV

Answer 42

Cardiac arrhythmias

Question 43

Hypermagnesemia: Neuromuscular

Answer 43

Lethargy, hyporeflexia, confusion, coma

Question 44

Hypermagnesemia: CV

Answer 44

Hypotension, Arrhythmias, arrest.

Question 45

Phosphorous

Answer 45

``` Bone Red blood cell Acid/base Many enzymatic processes Reciprocal relationship with Ca+ Regulated by kidney ```