Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
Acid Base Balance
Metabolic processes require a normal range of acid-base balance.
The Balance is reflected by the pH of the blood
Ph is determined by the ratio of acids and bases in the blood
20:1
HCO3- + H2 = H2CO3= CO2 & H20
3 buffer systems
Proteins-albumin, globulins
K+ buffer
Bicarbonate buffer system
- Proteins- albumin, globulins
Change structure to take on or release H+
- K+ Buffer
Exchanges for H+ to reduce acidity
- Bicarbonate Buffer system
Volatile asides- excreted by the lungs
Non volatile acids- excreted by the kidneys
Lungs: Fast and efficient
*Release CO2 in acidotic states and Retain CO2 in alkaline states
Kidney: Slow and efficient
*excretes H+ and regenerates or excretes HCO3- prn
Respiratory acidosis
Excess CO2 level
Ineffective respiration
Low level of consciousness and aren’t breathing well
Respiratory alkalosis
Decreased CO2 level
Excessive respiration
Excitable, breathing in a bag
Metabolic acidosis
Increased levels acid (H+) and/or decreased bicarbonate levels
Excessive metabolic activity or renal failure.
Trauma, disease, physically
Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased H+ levels and/or increased bicarbonate levels
Metabolic loss of acids, and/or gain of alkalinity
Drug overdoses, vomiting.
Normal values
PH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
Acidosis
Low ph
Alkalosis
High ph
Respiratory
PaCO2 change
Metabolic
HCO3 change
Respiratory Acidosis cause:
Hypoventilation due to respiratory depression, decreased chest expansion, airway obstruction, decreased alveolar- capillary exchange
Respiratory Acidosis signs and symptoms:
CNS depression, blurred vision, vertigo headache, tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Respiratory Acidosis Compensation:
Lungs increase rate and depth of breathing, kidneys eliminate H+ and retain HCO3
Respiratory Alkalosis Cause
Hyperventilation, fever, anxieties, prolonged sobbing, hypoxemia, salicylate overdose.
Respiratory Alkalosis Signs and symptoms:
CNS Irritability, lightheaded, parasthesias, cardiac dysrhythmias.
Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation:
Kidneys hold onto H+ and excrete more HCO3 (slow process) foment not needed
Metabolic Acidosis Cause
Acid accumulation (DKA, renal failure, starvation, alcoholism, infection, burns, shock) or loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea, vomiting)
Metabolic Acidosis Signs and symptoms
CNS depression, headache, abdominal pain, cardiac dysrhythmias
Metabolic Acidosis Compensation
Lungs excrete more CO2 (Kussmaul) kidneys conserve HCO3
Metabolic Alkalosis Cause
Accumulations of bicarbonate ingesting OTC bicarbonate product, massive transfusion with citrates blood. Loss of Acid: Emesis, gastric suction
