Disinfectants, antimicrobial alternatives, surveillance

Question 1

Types of disinfectant

Answer 1

• Quaternary ammonium
• Aldehydes
• QUAT / aldehydes
• Natural and synthetic phenols
• Chlorine and Iodine release compounds
• Liquid and powdered peroxygens

Question 2

sensitivity of common pathogens to disinfectants from most to least susceptible

Answer 2

MOST SUSCEPTIBLE
- fungi
- mycoplasma
- gram +
- gram -
- ricketsia
- Env. viruses (IB, herpes, IBD, AI, ND)
- yeast, algae
- paseudomonas
- non-env. viruses (IBH, Reo, pox)
- chlamydia
- mycobaceria
- fungal spores
- other non-env. viruses (chicken anemia)
- bacterial spores
- viroids
- oocysts
- prions
LEAST SUSCEPTIBLE

Question 3

which disinfectants are least powerful? to most?

Answer 3

QUAT
Phen
Ald
<><><>
Q/Ald
Ch/I
<><><>
Per Ox

Question 4

Categories of Antimicrobials - based on what?

Answer 4

 Based on importance in human medicine
 Principal criteria for categorization are the indication
and the availability of alternative antimicrobials for the
treatment of infections in humans

Question 5

antimicrobial alternative ingredients

Answer 5

 Phytogenics/essential oils
 Probiotics/direct fed microbials
 Prebiotics/Fermentation
 Water acidification
 Betaine
 Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
 Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs)

Question 6

what are phytogenics? what do they do? efficacy depends on what?

Answer 6

 Plant derived compounds; can be added to feed or
water
> Plant extracts and Essential Oils
 Direct antibacterial effect
 Positively influence gut health and immune function
 Variety of active ingredients
 Efficacy depends on inclusion level, diet, and
management

Question 7

Probiotics use as antimicrobial alternative

Answer 7

 Cultures of microorganisms
 Theory of competitive exclusion
 Goal is to set up ideal population of beneficial bacteria
in the gut that can outcompete pathogenic bacteria for
resources and displace them

Question 8

prebiotics - what they are, how they work as antimicrobial alternative

Answer 8

 Indigestible products added to feed to carry out a
specific function
 Reduce pathogen load in the gut by binding
pathogens, which are then excreted instead of binding
to the gut wall
 Stimulate immune function
 Food source for the beneficial bacteria

Question 9

water acidification - what does it do, and what is its use as an alternative to antimicrobials?

Answer 9

 Organic acids, inorganic acids, or a blend of both
 Reduce pH
 Inhibit bacteria
 Improve efficacy of chlorine
 Enhance enzyme activity (thus feed digestibility)
 Efficacy depends on the concentration and type of acid used
 Organic acids have antibacterial activity against
Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter

Question 10

Betaine
- what is it and what is its use as an antimicrobial alternative?

Answer 10

 Derivative of the amino acid glycine
 Functions as an osmoregulant
> Affects digesta hydration, thus preventing flushing
 In some circumstances, it has been shown to have a
protective effect on birds exposed to coccidia

Question 11

short chain fatty acids use as antimicrobial alternative

Answer 11

 Added to feed to control Salmonella
 Some antibacterial effect
 Stimulates the growth of the villi
> Promotes intestinal integrity
>s Supports efficient absorption of nutrients

Question 12

medium chain fatty acids use as antimicrobial alternative

Answer 12

 Kills pathogens and reduces virulence
 Improves intestinal morphology

Question 13

Alternative Product Summary???? (but some not really right?)
- which products:
> enhance digestion
> control cocci
> control bacteria

Answer 13

 Enhance digestion
> Enzymes, acidification, SCFAs
 Cocci control
> Phytogenics, essential oils, Betaine
 Bacterial Control
> Probiotic, acidification