diseases and conditions (spring 25) Flashcards
aplastic anemia
serious
bone marrow failure resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia`
folic acid deficiency anemia
inability to produce sufficient RBCs due to lack of folic acid
hemolytic anemia
destruction of RBCs
results in jaundice
iron deficiency anemia
lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
pernicious anemia
chronic progressive anemia in people over 50 from deficient B12 needed for blood cell development
sickle cell anemia
inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent shaped when oxygen is low
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infectious disease caused by HIV
destruction of CD4 T cells leading to opportunistic infections
coagulation disorders
any disruption/impairment in the ability to form blood clots/control bleeding
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
abnormal blood clotting in small vessels
cuts off oxygen supply to distal tissues
results in damage to body organs
hemophilia
congenital hereditary disorder
deficiency in clotting factor 8/9, results in prolonged bleeding
thrombocytopenia
abnormal decrease in platelets from destruction or low production
graft rejection
recipients immune system identifies transplanted graft as foreign
attacks and destroys graft
graft versus host disease (GVHD)
complication after stem cell/BM transplant
transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs
can cause death
hemoglobinopathy
any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
infectious mononucleosis
acute infectious disease caused by EBV
causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, lymphadenopathy of neck/armpits
in young adults and children
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
cancer caused by herpes virus 8
affects skin, mucus membrane and can have extensive visceral involvement
lymphedema
swelling in single arm or leg from accumulation of lymph within tissues
caused by obstruction/disease in lymph vessels
lymphoma
any malignancy involving lymphocytes that commonly affect lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
hodgkin lymphoma
malignancy of B cells in lymph nodes of neck or chest
can spread to nearby lymph nodes, spleen and sometimes BM
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
any malignancy of B cells, T cells or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells
multiple myeloma
malignancy of the BM that affects plasma cells
proliferation of abnormal antibodies destroy healthy BM cells and weaken bone tissue
sepsis
presence of bacteria/toxins in the blood
systemic lupus erythematosus
widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys and joints
causes chronic inflammation
thrombocythemia
overproduction of platelets leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders
result of platelet malformations
bunion
deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally towards the other toes
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of median nerve within carpal tunnel
claudication
lameness, limping
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule
prevents normal mobility of tissue/joint
crepitation
dry grating sound/sensation caused by bones rubbing together
fracture/joint destruction
ganglion cysts
fluid filled tumor
develops along tendons/joints of wrists or hands
can appear in feet
gout
joint inflammation caused by uric acid and crystal deposits in joint space
herniated disk
rupture of a vertebral disks center through outer edge
pain, numbness, weakness in one or both legs
hypotonia
loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness
seen in eyes, faces, throat and limbs
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone
osteoporosis
loss of calcium and bone tissue
bones become porous, brittle and easily fractured
seen in postmenopausal women
paget disease
chronic inflammation of the bones
thickening and softening of bones
most commonly affects long cones of legs, lower spin, pelvis and skull
phantom limb
perceived sensation following amputation of a limb that it exists
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
spinal curvatures
any persistent abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from ints normal position
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
right or left
kyphosis
abnormal curvature of upper portion of the spine
lordosis
abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine
spondylolisthesis
any slipping of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
spondylosis
degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
sprain and strain
overstretching or tearing of ligaments, muscle or tendon
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet
the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side
anuria
absence of urine production/output
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
blockage at the base of the bladder
reduces/prevents urine from passing through the urethra
cystocele
prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder
due to weakening of supporting tissue between bladder and vagina
end stage renal disease (ESRD)
little or no remaining kidney function
dialysis or kidney transplant needed
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
(incontinence)
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys
caused by pressure from accumulated urine that can’t pass an obstruction
interstitial cystitis (IC)
chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
not from bacteria
not responsive to antibiotics
(painful bladder syndrome)
nephrotic syndrome
loss or large amounts of plasma protein through urine
due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord or nerve damage
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which days of fluid develop in the kidneys
pyelonephritis
infection of the kidney
result of an infection that begins in urethra/bladder and ascends the ureters of the kidney
urgency
sensations of the need to void immediately
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection, typically bacterial, in any part of the urinary tract (kidneys, bladder, urethra)
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
disorder caused by failure of urine to pass through ureters to the bladder
from impairment of the valve between ureter and bladder
can be from obstruction in the ureter
Wilms tumor
rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children
(nephroblastoma)
atresia
absence of normal body opening
choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm of the uterus at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
dyspareunia
occurrence of pain during sex
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
menstrual disorders
abnormal condition in the menstrual cycle
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual period at reproductive age
dysmenorrhea
cramps/pain during menstruation
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy, prolonged period
metrorrhagia
irregular uterine bleeding between periods or after menopause
oligomenorrhea
abnormally light/infrequent periods
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
symptoms that occur between ovulation and onset of period
sterility (female)
inability of female to become pregnant or male to impregnate the female
uterine fibroids
benign tumors of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus
leiomyomas, myomas or fibroids
abortion
termination of pregnancy before embryo/fetus can survive on its own
abruptio placentae
premature operation of placenta from uterine wall before third stage of labor
placental abruption
breech presentation
fetal buttocks/feet present first rather than head
down syndrome
extra copy of chromosome 21
alters physical/mental development
trisomy 21
eclampsia
serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy where the fertilized ovum implants on any tissue other than lining of uterine cavity
placenta previa
placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal
results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
benign prostatic hyperplasia
enlargement of the prostate
symptoms include increased frequency, hesitancy, nocturne and urinary retention
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
caused by bacteria, fungi or a virus
erectile dysfunction
repeated inability to initiate/maintain an erection sufficient for sex
hypogonadism
decrease/lack of hormones produced in gonads
hypospadias
congenital abnormality
opening of urethra is on the undersurface of the penis
phimosis
stenosis/narrowing of foreskin so it cannot be retracted over the glans penis
priapism
prolonged, commonly painful erection of the penis
prostatitis
acute/chronic inflammation of the prostate
sterility (male)
inability to produce offspring
anorchism (testicular abnormality)
absence of one or both testes
anorchia or anorchidism
epididymitis (testicular abnormality)
inflammation of the epididymis
hydrocele (testicular abnormality)
swelling of the sac surrounding the testes
orchitis (testicular abnormality)
painful swelling of one or both testes
associated with mumps after puberty
spermatocele (testicular abnormality)
abnormal, fluid filled sac that develops in the epididymis
may or may not contain sperm
testicular mass
new tissue growth that appears on one or both testes
testicular torsion
spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum
leads to a decrease in blood flow
varicocele
swelling and dissension of veins of the spermatic cord
resembles varicose veins of the legs
diabetes insipidus
excessive thirst and urination due to decrease production of ADH
diuresis
increased formation and secretion of urine
gestational diabetes
diabetes that develops during pregnancy
growth hormone disorders
pituitary gland disorder that involves hyper/hypo secretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor
dwarfism
hypo secretion of GH during childhood
shortness of stature
acromegaly
hyper secretion of GH in adults
enlargement of bones
giantism
hyper secretion of GH during childhood
abnormal increase in length go long bones
extreme height
hirsutism
excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
hypervolemia
abnormal increase in volume of blood plasma in the body
insulinoma
tumor of islets of langerhans of the pancreas
excessive production of insulin
leads to hypoglycemia
neurofibromatosis
genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system
obesity
abnorma accumulation of body fat
20% more than IBW
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
thyroid storm
crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism
caused by increased release of thyroid hormone into blood stream
virilism
masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
agnosia
inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory or other sensations
sensory sphere is intact
alzheimer disease
age associated dementia caused by plaques that develop in the cerebral cortex
interrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells
anencephaly
congenital deformity in which some or all of the fetal brain is missing
closed head trauma
injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and the brain tissue is not exposed
coma
abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli
concussion
traumatic injury the brain that causes unconsciousness
temporary
convulsion
sudden or violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles
seen in epilepsy
dementia
cognitive deficit including memory impairment
dyslexia
inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability and exposure
Guillian Barre Syndrome
autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves damaging their myelin sheaths
herpes zoster
acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body
huntington chorea
CNS disorder
quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances and mental deterioration
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain
increases ICP, thinning of the brain tissue and separation of the cranial bones
lethargy
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive disorder in which loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscle weakness
spina bifida
congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development
meningocele
form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
myelomeningocele
most severe form of spina bifida
spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
occulta
form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
palsy
paralysis with weakness, shaking or uncontrolled tremor
bell palsy
facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve
cerebral palsy
paralysis that affects movement and muscle coordination
may affect gross and fine motor skills
paralysis
loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
paresthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity
parkinson disease
degenerative disorder
progressive loss of brain cells leads to impairment in motor function
tremors, muscular rigidity, and a slowing of movement
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord by a virus
results in a spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
radiculopathy
disorder affecting one or more nerves at the location where the nerve root ends
results in herniated or compressed disk, degenerative changes, arthritis or bone spurs
reye syndrome
potentially fatal syndrome that commonly causes brain swelling and liver damage
aspirin products used in children under 15
syncope
brief loss of consciousness and posture
by a decrease of blood flow to the brain
achromatopsia
severe congenital deficiency in color perception
complete color blindness
ametropia
failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina
defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball
astigmatism
distorted vision resulting from defective curvature of the cornea or lens
hyperopia
visual defect in the eyeball is too short and the image falls behind the retina
farsightedness
myopia
visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, the image falls in front of the retina
nearsightedness
cataract
opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision
caused by proteins that slowly build up over time
chalazion
small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid
meibomian cyst
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion
pinkeye
drusen
small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina
increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration
ectropion
eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye
entropion
inversion, inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid
friction of the eyelids
epiphora
abnormal overflow of tears
hordeolum
localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyeliner
metamorphosia
visual distortion of objects
myctalopia
impaired vision in dim light
night blindness
nystagmus
type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision
papilledema
swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc
increased ICP, choked disc
photophobia
usual intolerance of and sensitivity to light
retinopathy
any disorder of retinal blood vessels
strabismus
misalignment of he eyes so they do not focus on the same object
trachoma
chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness
anacusis
complete deafness
conduction impairment
blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease
Meniere disease
increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing
noise induced hearing loss
condition caused by the destruction of hair cells responsible for hearing
sounds too long, loud or close
otitis externa
infection of the external auditory canal
presbyacusis
impairment of hearing resulting from old age
tinnitus
perception of ringing, hissing in the ears or head when no external sound is present
vertigo
sensation of a spinning motion
