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Microbiology LECTURE > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus signs and symptoms

A
  1. Pus filled wound, redness, swelling, pain, nausea, diarrhea, dehydration, hypotension
  2. Increased neutrophils in CBC
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2
Q

Staphylococcus aureus morphology and lab tests

A
  1. Gram positive bacteria, cocci, clusters
  2. Positive gram stain, purple cocci clusters
  3. Yellow colony growth on BAP with beta hemolysis
  4. Coagulase positive
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3
Q

Where is Staphylococcus aureus found

A

resident flora on our bodies, mainly in nose

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4
Q

Most commonly known Staphylococcus aureus strain

A

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

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5
Q

Infection or diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A
  1. Toxic Shock Syndrome
  2. Food poisoning
  3. PNA
  4. Meningitis
  5. Osteomyelitis
  6. Endocarditis
  7. Bacteremia
  8. Sepsis
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6
Q

Length of Staphylococcus aureus infection and treatment

A
  1. 10-20 days
  2. Drainage of abscess
  3. For severe infections only, 7-10 antibiotic treatment.
  4. Penicillin or Vancomycin
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7
Q

What is the causative agent of typhoid fever

A

Salmonella enterica

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8
Q

What type of bacteria Salmonella enterica

A

Rod-Shaped, Flagellate, Facultative Aerobic, Gram Negative, family of Enterobacteriaceae

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9
Q

Where is Salmonella enterica normally found

A

Lives in the intestines of people and animals using the body as a reservoir

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10
Q

Most common bacterial food borne pathogen

A

Salmonella enterica

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11
Q

Transmission & Pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica

A
  • If survives gastric juices able to produce toxins and invade the epithelial cells in the intestines
  • Creates a proinflammatory cytokines which ignites an acute inflammatory reaction
  • potential to travel from the intestines and cause systemic diseases
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12
Q

Salmonella enterica signs and symptoms, incubation, prodromal period, illness length

A

-Diarrhea
-Incubation period depends on the dose of the bacteria
-Prodromal phase is about 6-72 hours
-Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, chills, headache,
-Most important characteristic is blood in the stool
Illness stage lasts about 2 days to a week

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13
Q

Diagnosis of Salmonella enterica

A

Lab test that detects the bacteria in a person’s stool, tissue, or fluids

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14
Q

Salmonella enterica complications

A
  1. Can occur if the diarrhea persists
  2. Bacteremia, Enteric fever, Reactive arthritis
  3. Severe dehydration; Decreased urine output, Dry mouth, Sunken eyes
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15
Q

Salmonella enterica treatment

A
  1. Hydration

2. Antibiotics; chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, Azithromycin

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16
Q

What infections does Neisseria meningitides cause

A

Meningococcal septicemia, Meningococcemia, Meningitis,

Pneumonia, Arthritis, Otitis media

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17
Q

Neisseria meningitides morphology

A

aerobes, gram negative diplococci (coffee bean shaped), fastidious, encapsulated, nonendospore forming, nonmotile, possess pili

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18
Q

What areas of the body are affected by a serious Meningococcal disease

A

blood, brain, spine

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19
Q

Symptoms of Meningococcal disease

A

sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, can rapidly progress to death

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20
Q

Is there a vaccine for Meningococcal disease

A

Yes, recommended for 11 to 12 year old kids

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21
Q

Long term effects of Meningococcal disease

A

Infection can enter blood stream, damage blood vessels, cause blood clots, gangrene infection and loss of extremities, can enter spinal fluid and brain and cause damage to nervous system

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22
Q

Meningococcal disease incubation period

A

5-10 days after breaking BBB, lethal in 24 hours

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23
Q

Signs and symptoms of Meningococcal disease

A

Sudden onset of intense headache, vomiting, stiff neck, inactivity, drowsiness, sensitivity to light, confusion, petechia, high fever, rash

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24
Q

Treatment for Meningococcal disease

A

PCN, Sulfa, Ceftriaxone

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25
Q

Can meningococcemia be prevented

A

Yes, with bactericidal antibodies in serum

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26
Q

What are severe complications of Meningococcal disease

A

seizures, can progress in to coma within few hours, hemorrhagic fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation coagulation and circulatory collapse

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27
Q

Diagnoses of Meningococcal disease

A
  1. Blood culture, NP swab, LP, skin scrapings

2. Oxidase positive, maltose fermenter

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28
Q

Meningococcal disease colonize the

A

nasopharynx

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29
Q

How does Meningococcal disease enter the bloodstream

A

It can get into your bloodstream from your sinuses, ears, or throat. The bacteria travel through your bloodstream to your brain

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30
Q

E. coli morphology

A

facultative anaerobe, Gram negative straight rods, singles or in pairs, non-spore forming

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31
Q

E. coli biochemical tests

A

nitrate postive, indole positive, MR positive, lactose fermenter

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32
Q

E. coli agar culture results

A
  1. MAC: bright pink lactose fermenter colonies

2. EMB: purple, black green hue, lactose fermenter colonies

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33
Q

What are the 3 most common infections caused by E. coli

A
  1. Sepsis/meningitis
  2. UTI
  3. Diarrheagenic E. coli
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34
Q

E. coli sepsis/meningitis

A

Mostly affects premature neonates, occurs during delivery or HAI

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35
Q

E. coli UTI (cystitis) signs, symptoms and treatment

A
  1. dysuria, urinary urgency
  2. u/a >100CFU/ml and +WBC esterase test
  3. Treatment: Antibiotics
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36
Q

What happens if untreated E. coli UTI, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment

A
  1. pyelonephritis: fever, flank pain, back pain
  2. Can lead to bacteremia
  3. Scar tissue in kidneys, impaired kidney function (dx blood cx, gram stain, u/a)
  4. treatment: 2nd and 3rd generation antibiotics
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37
Q

What are the 2 types of Diarrheagenic E. coli

A
  1. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

2. Enterohemoryhagic E. coli (EHEC)

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38
Q

How is Diarrheagenic E. coli transmitted

A

contaminated food or water, under cooked meat ,unpasteurized milk or juices or from human to human

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39
Q

What is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli virulence factor

A

Most outbreaks consist of serotype O157:H7, cell lysis occurs, releasing toxin, if antibiotic therapy is started, the infection worsens

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40
Q

Diarrheagenic E. coli symptoms, incubation, and duration

A
  1. mild uncomplicated diarrhea
  2. Incubation period 1-5 days
  3. duration 5-10 days
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41
Q

What are complications of Diarrheagenic E

A
  1. hemorrhagic colitis: Inflammation of colon, excessive bleeding
  2. hemolytic uremic syndrome: blood in urine, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, often leading to kidney injury
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42
Q

Helicobacter pylori morphology

A

Gram Negative Helically-Shaped, Microaerophilic Bacteria with Terminal Flagella

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43
Q

Helicobacter pylori incubation, prodrome, illness

A
  1. Incubation: Unknown Incubation Period, no visible signs
  2. Prodrome: Asymptomatic until Ulcers Form or Cancers Form
  3. Decline: Stays with Host until Death
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44
Q

Helicobacter pylori transmission and target site of infection

A
  1. Unknown, possibly fecal-oral, gastric-oral, oral-oral, contaminated food
  2. Stomach and duodenum
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45
Q

Helicobacter pylori symptoms and duration

A

Chronic asymptomatic gastritis, less than 20% never develop symptoms, but it can result in ulcers and stomach cancer, remains in body for life without treatment, although most will not realize they have it

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46
Q

Long term effects of Helicobacter pylori

A
  1. 15% ulcers, 2% develop cancer
  2. 3 types of cancer:
    a. MALT Lymphomas
    b. Large B-Cell Lymphomas
    c Adenocarcinomas.
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47
Q

Helicobacter pylori diagnoses

A

Urea Breath Test, Fecal Antigen Assay, or Biopsy.

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48
Q

Helicobacter pylori treatment

A
  1. A Proton Pump Inhibitor (Omeprazole)
  2. Antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole)
  3. Most people that are infected never receive treatment because they are unaware that they have it.
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49
Q

What are virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

A
  1. Urease neutralize gastric acid
  2. Lipopolysaccharides adhere to host cells causing inflammation–> reduces cellular adhesion
  3. Effectors cause actin remodeling, host cell growth, and apoptosis inhibition
  4. Secretory enzymes and exotoxins cause gastric mucosal injury
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50
Q

What is the causative agent of Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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51
Q

What is Toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. parasitic protozoan that infects most warm-blooded animals by forming cysts on muscle and nerve tissue
  2. usually in brain and eyes
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52
Q

What are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii

A

mostly asymptomatic for immunocompetent individuals

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53
Q

Who are most at risk of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Pregnant women are most at risk as vertical transmission is possible

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54
Q

How does infections of Toxoplasma gondi occur

A
  1. Contamination of food or water with oocysts; consumption
  2. Host eats the infected intermediate
  3. Infection between intermediates can also occur by the consumption of tissue cysts or inoculation of tachyzoites
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55
Q

What is the primary reservoir of Toxoplasma gondi? intermediates?

A
  1. Members of Felidae family (house cats). T. gondii can form oocysts in cat intestine.
  2. Intermediate hosts consist of most warm blooded animals
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56
Q

Symptoms of Toxoplasma gondi

A
  1. Prodromal stages are flu-like and consist of body aches
  2. Infection in the eyes can cause eye irritation, uveitis, and blindness
  3. Primary infection in pregnant women can cause stillbirth, disability, and/or blindness
  4. links between toxoplasmosis and impaired thinking in rats as well as schizophrenia in humans
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57
Q

How is Toxoplasmosis diagnosed

A

Toxoplasmosis is diagnosed through serologic tests

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58
Q

Treatment of Toxoplasmosis

A
  1. usually isn’t necessary
  2. Acute infection may need treatment by a combination of an antiparasitic, antibiotic and chemotherapy drugs that reduce toxicity of the antiparasitic infection
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59
Q

Long term effects of Toxoplasmosis

A

if not treated immediately, is usually beyond infection and aims more at development of disabled organs if possible

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60
Q

How long does Herpes Simplex Virus last

A
  1. Latent infection: Alternates between a latent stage

2. Dormancy period in which there are few symptoms — and an outbreak stage

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61
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus morphology

A

Enveloped, double-stranded, linear DNA virus, Icosahedral capsid

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62
Q

What infections does HSV cause

A
  1. HSV type 1: Can cause rarer conditions, for example, keratitis and other ocular sequelae, and encephalitis
  2. HSV type 2: Might be unrecognized or cause painful genital ulcers, increases the risk of acquiring HIV
  3. Symptomatic and asymptomatic viral shedding are normal for both types
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63
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus signs and symptoms

A
  1. Symptoms typically appear as a blister or as multiple blisters on or around affected areas: mouth, genitals, or rectum
  2. Blisters break, leaving tender sores
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64
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus diagnoses

A
  1. Appearance is typical, no testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis
  2. If health care provider is uncertain,
    Can be diagnosed with lab tests: DNA or PCR tests and virus cultures
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65
Q

Where is the location of latency for HSV

A
  1. It gets into the nerve roots and distributes itself to the sensory nerve ganglia
  2. For genital region: ganglia are directly adjacent to the spinal rope in the lower back
  3. For oral herpes: ganglia are situated behind the cheek bone
  4. It can remain dormant in the bundle of nerves at the spine base.
  5. When it reactivates it moves through the nerve paths to the surface of the skin, sometimes causing outbreak
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66
Q

Hepatitis B morphology

A
  1. An envelope composed of viral-encoded proteins and host-derived lipid components
  2. A core particle made up of the
    Nucleocapsid protein (hepatitis B core antigen)
  3. Viral DNA genome (double stranded circular DNA)
  4. Polymerase (virally encoded)
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67
Q

What organ does Hepatitis B affect

A
  1. It affectsthe function of the liver
  2. Virus invades hepatocytes; livercells
  3. An immune response is triggered and the immune system attacks infected liver cells which injure the liver
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68
Q

Signs and symptoms of Acute Hepatitis B

A
  1. Individuals immune system may be able to fight off on its own
  2. Early symptoms: loss of appetite, fever, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, light colored stools, dark colored urine
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69
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic Hepatitis B

A
  1. Lasts longer than 6 months
  2. Infection lingers in immune system, unable to be fight off severe symptoms
  3. Indicates liver in distress:
    Severe vomiting, yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), bloated stomach
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70
Q

Hepatitis B treatment

A
  1. No specific cure, acute stage clears on its own in 90% of cases
  2. Symptoms can be treated such as anti-nausea meds for vomiting
  3. Chronic HBV can be treated with antiviral meds; stops the replicating and prevents it from developing into liver CA or liver disease.
  4. If liver CA developed in can become fatal, die within months
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71
Q

Why does the hepatitis B vaccine not require a booster?

A

Hepatitis B virus evolves very slowly compared to an RNA viruses such as HIV and influenza and therefore the immunity from the series of vaccines is lifelong

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72
Q

Marburg Virus Morphology

A

Zoonotic RNA virus

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73
Q

Marburg Virus transmission

A
  1. Unknown how initial infection to human occurred
  2. May be do to unprotected exposure to infected fruit bat fluids such as feces or other fluids
  3. Person to person, direct contact blood, body fluids, or infected tissues
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74
Q

Marburg Virus incubation period

A

2-21 days

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75
Q

Marburg Virus Initial symptoms

A

Symptoms are sudden: Hemorrhaging fever, chills, headache, myalgia

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76
Q

Marburg Virus symptoms at about 5th day

A
  1. Maculopapular rash (most prominent on trunk)

2. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea

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77
Q

Severe symptoms of Marburg Virus symptoms

A

Jaundice, inflammation of the pancreas, severe weight loss, delirium, shock, liver failure, massive hemorrhaging, multiple organ dysfunction

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78
Q

Marburg Virus diagnoses

A

Antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Antigen detection test, Serum neutralization tests, Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay,
Virus isolation by cell culture

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79
Q

Marburg Virus treatment

A
  1. No specific treatment for the virus
  2. Hospital care is recommended
  3. Watch fluids and blood pressure
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80
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 morphology

A

It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus

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81
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 signs and symptoms

A
  1. Coughing, fever, SOB, loss of taste/smell (occurs in some “asymptomatic” pts), GI symptoms, fatigue, confusion, CP
  2. Kidney failure, decreased WBC
  3. No visible symptoms – about 80% of all cases
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82
Q

What organs does COVID-19 affect

A

Can infect the lungs, heart, kidney, small intestines, testes, and neurons.

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83
Q

COVID-19 incubation period

A

Incubation period is 2-27 days (usually no more than 14 days

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84
Q

COVID-19 duration

A

Usual duration of infection is 2-3 weeks. Patients can remain infected for up to 37 days (contagious the whole time)

85
Q

COVID-19 diagnosis

A
  1. Antibody tests (usually cannot distinguish active infections)
  2. Reverse-transcriptase PCR tests (determines if there is an active infection)
86
Q

COVID-19 complications

A

Cytokine storm, Pediatric Multisystem, Inflammatory Syndrome (PMIS)
occurs in some children, widespread microclotting, HA, strokes, heart ruptures, PNA, organ failures, SARS

87
Q

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

88
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi morphology

A
  1. A gram-negative, corkscrew-shaped bacterium aka spirochete
  2. Instead of a LPS outer membrane, it has immunoreactive glycolipids
89
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi reservoir

A

blacklegged deer ticks which have feasted on small mammals, birds, and lizards

90
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi transmission

A
  1. vector-borne from infected black-legged tick biting a human/animal
  2. Tick has a blood meal on animal infected by Borrelia burgdorferi
  3. Tick transmits bacteria into host after it bites
  4. Not contagious person to person
91
Q

What virulence factors does the outer membrane immunoreactive glycolipids have

A

It activates suppressor T cells to a maximum, allowing the bacteria to have greater virulence because the immune system is compromised

92
Q

Osp A

A
  1. Ticks saliva transmits bacteria into host, this protein is responsible for attachment into host
  2. It keeps the bacteria in the midgut of the tick, allowing it to colonize there
93
Q

OspC

A
  1. facilitate the bacteria moving from gut wall and migrate through the hemolymph to the salivary gland.
  2. Interacts with the tick’s salivary proteins, giving it better infectiveness into a new host
94
Q

What is are 2 common characteristic of Lyme disease? What are they?

A
  1. Borrelia burgdorferi’s ability to cause specific immune response
  2. Adhesin proteins and other molecules invoke immune response, causing lesions on host and developing disease
  3. Arthritic pain: Lipoproteins interact w/host receptors to set off pro-inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, and chemokine: Sx of pain, swelling of joints and muscles.
95
Q

Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease

A
  1. Fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, fatigue and swollen lymph nodes
  2. At about day 3-30: Most get a red circular, “bullseye,” rash around site of infection called an Erythema Migrans Rash (characteristic lesion)
96
Q

Severe complications from Lyme’s disease

A
  1. Bacteria in NS causing Inflammation of organs of NS: arthritic pain, facial palsy, numbness in the feet and hands,
  2. Heart palpitations
  3. Erythema Migrans rashes appear on other areas of body
97
Q

Stages of lyme disease

A
  1. Incubation: between day 1 and day 3
  2. Prodromal: between day 3 and 30
  3. Illness : varies, dependent on if Tx received, when they received it
  4. Decline: varies, dependent on the factors above
98
Q

Diagnoses of Lyme disease

A
  1. Assess symptoms
  2. Likelihood of being in tick infested area
  3. Blood tests searching for antibodies for Borrelia Burgdorferi
    a. ELISA (risk for false positive)
    b. Western blot test to confirm antibodies specific for the surface proteins on the bacterium
99
Q

Treatment

A

Antibiotics: doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil

100
Q

What is the causative agent of measles

A

rubeola virus: Morbillivirus

101
Q

Morphology of measles

A
  1. Virus is spherical & enclosed in a lipid-containing envelope
  2. Single-stranded, negative-sense RNA
102
Q

Measles transmission

A

Can be spread through the air from respiratory droplets & small aerosol particles (from coughing, sneezing)

103
Q

How does measles enter the body

A

upper respiratory system

104
Q

What is pathogenesis of measles

A
  1. Infects macrophages in lungs
  2. Infected cells migrate to lymph nodes where they
  3. Virus transferred to B and T cells
  4. CD150 on WBC is point of entry
  5. Infected B & T cells migrate t/o body releasing virus particles into blood
105
Q

What is the destination of measles virus

A

The destinations for the virus are the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, thymus, skin & lungs

106
Q

In rare conditions, measles can cause

A

It can cross the BBB and cause swelling of the brain

107
Q

Measles symptoms

A

Fever, dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, inflamed eyes,

white spots w/bluish-white centers red background inside mouth, and flat, large, blotchy rash

108
Q

Measles incubation period

A

10-12 days

109
Q

After incubation period what symptoms do measles infected patients have

A
  1. the symptoms appear beginning with symptoms resembling those of the common cold
  2. Shortly, the macular rash appears beginning on the face & spreading to the trunk & extremities
  3. Lesions in the oral cavity are called Koplik’s spots
110
Q

Why are measles extremely dangerous to elderly and infants

A

Because of their weakened immune systems, they can be complicated by a secondary bacterial infection (ex: middle ear infections, pneumonia)

111
Q

What are complications associated with Measles

A

Dehydration, conjunctivitis, liver infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, encephalitis, death

112
Q

How is Measles diagnosed

A
  1. Based on the characteristic rash
  2. PCR testing (polymerase chain reaction) swab from throat or NP
  3. Blood test: detect for IgM antibodies in serum, must collect few days afte rash onset: will show recent infection (not to be confused with IgG: vac)
113
Q

Measles treatment

A
  1. No treatment

2. supportive care: for fever, rest, plenty of fluids

114
Q

Why does measles cause a rash

A
  1. It is due to inflammation in the skin. The virus travels in the blood, it infects capillaries in the skin.
  2. Immune cells release chemicals such as NO and histamines: destroy the viral invaders and call other immune cells
  3. These chemicals cause swelling and damage to cells, resulting in itchy skin rash.
115
Q

What does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause

A

tuberculosis (TB) in humans

116
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis morphology

A
  1. Acid-fast, obligate aerobe, slender, slightly curved to straight bacillus arranged in ropelike structures or clumps
  2. Outer layer is made up of glycolipids and mycolic acids covering thin peptidoglycan
  3. Slow growing
117
Q

Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  1. After inhalation TB cells arrive at alveoli sacs, activate immune response
  2. Unique cell wall of TB will allow some to evade phagocytosis
  3. Tb multiply inside macrophages
  4. Macrophages cause a chemotactic response, try to isolate tb, release cytokines, cause damage, macros die
  5. Tubercle will enlarge and symptoms will worsen, disease can become latent
  6. tubercles will form calcifications If tubercle not latent, will continue to enlarge until rupturing
  7. Tubercle bacilli can distribute into bronchioles, then lymphatic system and circulatory system
118
Q

Latent TB

A

10% of people exposed will develop active TB.Those with latent TB have +PPDR. They do not display symptoms and they are not contagious. The greatest risk of reactivation is within the first 2 years after infection.

119
Q

TB treatment

A
  1. Shorter tx: 1-2 drugs x 3-6 months
  2. Drugs used are isoniazid, rifapentine and/or rifampin
  3. Can become active if the immune system becomes weakened
120
Q

Where does Mycobacterium tuberculosis hide in the body with latent TB?

A
  1. They can hide inset cells in bone marrow, inaccessible to immune cells and can’t be reached by drug molecules
  2. When immune systems weakens can move to other parts of body or lungs
121
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Persistent cough, fatigue, hemoptysis, fever, pain w/respiration, chills, appetite loss, CP

122
Q

TB incubation

A

~2-12 weeks

123
Q

Tb Prodroma

A

~2-4 weeks

124
Q

Period of illness of TB

A

can last up to 2 months

125
Q

Period of decline

A

can last up to 6 months

126
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes morphology, reservoir

A
  1. (GAS), G +, aerotolerant, non-motile and non-sporing cocci
    2.Visual- small , unpigmented colonies, beta hemolysis
    smooth or moist surface and clear margins
  2. Humans are primary but cattle as well
127
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factor

A
  1. M protein- is found on the cell wall on a fuzzy layer of fibrils
  2. prevent activation of complement
  3. Evade phagocytosis and killing by neutrophil
  4. adhere and colonize mucous membranes
  5. Hyaluronic acid- found on their capsule; resembles human connective tissue, few antibodies against the capsule produced
  6. Exotoxin A: produced by M proteins, act as a superantigen, immune system to contribute to the damage
128
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes transmission

A

Direct contact, airborne droplets from cough or sneeze, sharing eating utensils,and sharing drinks

129
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes signs and symptoms

A

quick onset of sore throat, pain w/swallowing, red and swollen tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, fever, HA, rash, vomiting

130
Q

Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes

A
  1. Throat culture
    2: First Rapid Strep test
  2. Second test checks for enzymes or acid extract parts of S.pyogenes, called antigens
  3. Imaging- rare, to evaluate serious complications
131
Q

Treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes

A
  1. Antibiotics- Penicillin

2. Over the counter medicine- Tylenol and Advil

132
Q

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause

A

Group A streptococcus (GAS), causes numerous infections in humans including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, necrotizing fasciitis

133
Q

How is Streptococcus pyogenes superantigenicity make it more virulent

A

Superantigen is a class of antigen that has the ability to cause an excessive activation of the immune system. It causes the non-specific activation of T-cells that will lead to polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.

134
Q

Human Papilloma Virus

morphology

A

Non enveloped, icosahedral capsids, double stranded and circular DNA

135
Q

What is HPV

A
  1. Most common STD
  2. low risk Infects skin, causes genital warts
  3. High risk infects mucous membranes, oncogenic HPV, overtime develops into cancer
136
Q

Pathogenesis of HPV

A
  1. Infects cells of skin and mucous membranes
  2. Infection occurs in the basal cell layer of squamous epithelial cells
  3. HPV favors stages of growth and cell division in host
137
Q

How is HPV transmitted

A
  1. Skin to skin contact
  2. Sexual contact
  3. Asymptomatic individuals c
138
Q

Symptoms of HPV

A
  1. Usually shows no symptoms
  2. Some develop into papillomas (benign tumors)
    • Genital Warts
    • Common Warts
    • Plantar Warts
    • Flat Warts
  3. Others develop into precancerous lesions or cancer
139
Q

HPV incubation period

A

Low risks infections: incubation period from HPV to genital warts takes 2wks to 8 months

140
Q

If treatment is started how long does HPV take yo clear up

A

Once treatment has started, takes 6 months to clear

141
Q

What HPV cases get CA

A

Those who cannot clear the warts will progress to cancer, interval between infection and cancer is 10-20 yrs.

142
Q

HPV treatment

A
  1. No treatment for virus itself
  2. Treatment for warts include anti tumor topical cremes
  3. If patient is not responding to cremes, other options for removal
143
Q

HPV tests

A

Vinegar Acetic Acid
HPV DNA Tests
Pap smears

144
Q

What is the scientific name of Rabies Virus

A

Lyssavirus rabies

145
Q

Rabies Virus morphology

A

Bullet-shaped, enveloped RNA virus

146
Q

How is Rabies Virus reservoir

A
  1. zoonosis
  2. Reservoirs: wildlife and canine
  3. Non-reservoirs: rodents, domesticated animals, livestock
  4. To humans
147
Q

How is rabies virus transmitted

A
  1. Direct contact with saliva or brain/nervous system tissue

2. Rare, through corneal and organ transplants

148
Q

What is affected by rabies virus

A
  1. Replicates in muscle near bite and enters neuron of PNS
  2. Moves from PNS to CNS
  3. Ascends spinal cord
  4. Reaches brain and causes encephalitis
  5. Enters salivary glands and other organs
149
Q

Stages of rabies virus disease

A
  1. Incubation: 10-90 days
  2. Prodrome: 2-10 days, virus moves to CNS & multiplies rapidly
  3. Illness: 2-7 days
  4. Decline: 10 days after onset of symptoms
  5. There are 3 stages
150
Q

Prodrome signs and symptoms of rabies virus

A

Discomfort at the site of the bite, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, flu-like illness
(stage 1)

151
Q

Illness signs and symptoms of Rabies virus

A
  1. Hallucinations, aggression, seizures, “dumb” rabies – no signs of overactivity
  2. Other stage 2 symptoms: photosensitivity, cramps, fear
  3. Death may occur
152
Q

Decline symptoms of Rabies virus

A
  1. Stage 3 symptoms: paralysis of eyes and limbs, salivation from mouth, hydrophobia
  2. Patient slips into coma and dies of paralysis of breathing muscles or heart failure
153
Q

Rabies testing

A
  1. Saliva
  2. Serum and CSF
  3. Skin biopsy, from base of hair follicle
154
Q

Treatment of Rabies virus

A

No specific treatment once symptoms have started

155
Q

What is Zika virus

A

a virus that is transmitted mainly to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito species.

156
Q

How is Zika virus transmitted

A
  1. Through the bites of mosquitos
  2. From an infected pregnant woman to her fetus
  3. Through unprotected sex
  4. Blood transfusion, organ transplant
157
Q

Zika virus morphology

A

Single stranded RNA virus within icosahedral capsid, lipid membrane within envelope

158
Q

What is scientific name of Zika virus

A

Flavivirus

159
Q

Most common transmission of Zika virus

A

infection during a viremic blood meal and injection of infectious saliva during blood feeding (horizontal transmission).

160
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Zika virus

A
  1. Most people will not show symptoms or will have mild ones
  2. Most common Sx: fever, rash, HA, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain
  3. Death is rare
161
Q

How long do signs & symptoms last

A

They can last from several days up to a week.

162
Q

Can someone become reinfected with Zika virus

A

No, once infected, they will develop immunity

163
Q

How is Zika diagnosed

A
  1. blood test

2. urine test

164
Q

How are intrauterine pregnancies affected by Zika virus

A
  1. It can pass from the mother to fetus during pregnancy or delivery.
  2. Risks to baby are: microcephaly, damage to the brain, Congenital Zika Syndrome, SAB, stillbirth
165
Q

What is Congenital Zika Syndrome

A

5 types of birth defects not commonly seen

  1. Severe microcephaly
  2. Decreased brain tissue/damage
  3. Damage to the back of the eye with specific scarring and increased pigment
  4. Limited range of motion
  5. Too much muscle tone restricting body movement
166
Q

Treatment of Zika virus

A

no treatment, not life threatening, people generally recover without any problems

167
Q

Ebola virus genus and morphology

A
  1. Ebolavirus

2. lipid-enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus

168
Q

How doe Ebola virus trasmission occur

A
  1. mucous membranes and/or broken skin
  2. contaminated objects with body fluids such dead body, medical instruments, infected fruit or bushmeat
  3. Virus cannot spread until symptoms develop
169
Q

What organs does Ebola virus affect

A
  1. Immune system
  2. Spleen, kidneys, lungs
  3. It kills cells that help regulate fluid and chemical balance
  4. Produce proteins that clot in the blood.
  5. Vital functions are shut down, causing blood vessels to leak fluid into surrounding tissues.
170
Q

What is one of the strongest indicators of the severity of Ebola

A

The extent of Lymphopenia: Decreased WBC/T cell count

171
Q

Signs and symptoms of Ebola virus

A
  1. Initial symptoms:*fever, *fatigue, muscle pain, HA, sore throat
  2. Followed by: *vomiting, *diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function
172
Q

Lab indicators of Ebola virus

A

Low WBC counts, Low platelet counts, Elevated LFTs

173
Q

Incubation Period of Ebla virus

A

2-21 days

174
Q

How long does Prodromal Stage of Ebola last

A

Up to 10 days

175
Q

Treatment of Ebola virus

A
  1. Fluids therapy via IV
  2. O2 if needed
  3. Meds for BP
  4. Reduce vomiting and diarrhea
  5. Manage fever/pain
  6. Treat other infections
176
Q

What does Varicella-Zoster virus cause

A

Chicken pox, shingles

177
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus genus and species

A
  1. Varicellovirus

2. Human herpesvirus

178
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus morphology

A

Double stranded DNA virus

Enveloped virus w/polyhedral capsid

179
Q

Varicella virus signs and symptoms

A
  1. Pruritic rash t/o body(scalp, face or trunk)
  2. Rash progression into macules, papules and vesicular lesions, crusting then scabs
  3. Fever, fatigue, HA, flu-like Sx,
180
Q

What is considered primary and secondary infection of Varicella-Zoster virus

A
  1. Varicella is considered the primary infection.

2. Herpes zoster is considered the secondary infection.

181
Q

Varicella virus stages

A
  1. Incubation: 14 - 16 days
  2. Prodrome: 1 - 2 days
  3. Illness: 2 – 3 days
  4. Decline: day 5 -6
182
Q

Herpes Zoster virus signs and symptoms

A
  1. Pruritic rash clusters restricted to dermatomal distribution (upper trunk)
  2. Rash progression: 3-5 days w/new cluster formation then crusting and scabs
  3. Pain, paresthesia, severe burning, HA, photophobia, malaise
183
Q

Herpes Zoster virus stages

A
  1. Incubation: 10 – 21 days
  2. Prodrome: 1 - 2 days
  3. Illness: 4 -7 days
  4. Decline: day 8 - 9
184
Q

Complications of Varicella

A
  1. Bacterial infections of skin, soft tissue, bones, or joints
  2. Sepsis, bacterial pna, meningitis, encephalitis, toxic shock syndrome
  3. Dehydration
  4. Reye’s syndrome in patients that take aspirin during outbreak
185
Q

Complication of Herpes Zoster

A
  1. Bacterial superinfection
  2. Cranial and peripheral nerve damage, meningoencephalitis
    Hepatitis, vision impairment or loss, Post-herpetic neuralgia (most common) can last up to 90 days after rash onset.
186
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus transmission

A
  1. Highly Contagious t/o infection
  2. Droplet: coughing, sneezing
  3. Direct contact with skin and/or lesions
  4. Indirect: touching freshly soiled contaminated items.
187
Q

How long is someone contagious for Varicella-Zoster virus

A

Patients are usually contagious from a few days before onset of the rash until the rash has crusted over.

188
Q

How long after exposure does someone develop symptoms

A

10-21 days to develop post-exposure

189
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus virulence

A
  1. It evades human immune response, can remain latent in dorsal root ganglion for many years.
  2. Humoral antibodies unable to penetrate nerve cells, no viral antigens expressed on surface of nerve cells, cytotoxic T cells are not activated
190
Q

Treatment of Varicella-Zoster virus

A
  1. Topicals for itching
  2. Pain relief: ibuprofen and acetaminophen
  3. Antivirals
  4. Treatments for complications: lidocaine patches, Gabapentin,
    anticonvulsants
191
Q

Cholera is caused by

A
  1. Vibrio Cholerae

2. Extracellular bacterial infection of the small intestine

192
Q

What is a characteristic sign of Cholera? Why does it happen

A
  1. Acute “Rice Water” diarrhea due to rapid severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
  2. Peristalsis response to rid the body of toxins and microbes.
193
Q

How long does Cholera last

A
  1. Onset is 12 hours to 5 days.

2. Total duration up to 3 days to 7 days.

194
Q

Can cholera spread if someone is asymptomatic

A

Can be spread for 2 weeks without symptoms. Can possibly be long term carriers

195
Q

Who is the most vulnerable to Cholera

A

Children and others especially vulnerable.

196
Q

What are does Cholera affect

A
  1. Grow in small intestine mucus.

2. Fecal-oral route.

197
Q

Why are certain strains of Cholera more virulent

A

Toxin production from Bacteriophage.

198
Q

What effect doe cholera toxin have on the intestines

A
  1. Chemical feedback to regulate fluid loss is lost

2. Chloride is lost

199
Q

How much fluid loss occurs with Cholera

A

Up to 3 to 5 gallons a day.

200
Q

What gives rice water appearance

A

Mucus and epithelial cells

201
Q

What effect does fluid loss during Cholera infection have on the circulatory system

A
  1. Viscous blood
  2. Low blood pressure
  3. Shock and organ failure
  4. Death
202
Q

What are the effects of electrolyte loss as a result of Cholera

A
  1. Loss of muscle function, including heart rhythm.
  2. Seizures and coma.
  3. Difficulty breathing and increased vomiting due to acidosis
203
Q

Treatment of Cholera

A
  1. **Rehydration: oral, sucrose and table salt drink, IV isotonic solution for severe
  2. Potassium and bicarbonate.
  3. Antibiotics: tetracycline.
204
Q

What is the source of infection of Cholera

A
  1. Contaminated water

2. Improperly cooked shellfish

205
Q

HIV morphology

A
  1. Genus: Lentivirus
  2. Species: HIV-1, HIV-2
  3. Clades: M
  4. Envelope, spikes, 2 identical and single stranded RNA molecules, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
206
Q

What are vital coreceptors that enable attachment of HIV

A

CCR5 and CXCR4

207
Q

Signs and symptoms of HIV

Phase 1

A

Initial acute infection
1. Increased viral load and decrease in CD4+ T cells
2. Sx: fever, enlarged lymph nodes, sore throat, headache, rash
3. CD4+ T cell return to normal and viral load decreases
Asymptomatic/Latent period
1. Can last 7 to 10 years
2. No major symptoms of disease

208
Q

Signs and symptoms of HIV

Phase 2

A
  1. HIV is actively infecting new cells at a slow, steady rate
  2. Slow decline of CD4+ T cells, but maintained at normal level of above 300 cells/mm3
  3. Opportunistic infections develop
  4. Sx: fever, persistent diarrhea, white patches in the mouth or genital area
209
Q

Signs and symptoms of HIV

Phase 3

A
  1. Increased viral load
  2. Decrease of CD4+ T cells below 200 cell/mm3
  3. HIV progresses into AIDS

Microbiology LECTURE (13 decks)

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