Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology LECTURE > Chapter 1 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 7 Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vaccination

A

An immunity to disease by exposure to a harmless version of pathogens that mimic the adaptive response of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the dual nature of adaptive immunity

A

It consists of a humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does the body produce antibodies

A

When a substance is recognized as non self or alien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes production of antibodies

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens after combination of an antibody with a particular antigen occurs

A
  1. Agglutination

2. Lysis (complement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity brought about by antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

B cells

A
  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Mature in bone marrow
  3. Recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them
  4. Their recognition depends on their receptors located or coating the surface of the B-cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T cells

A
  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Mature under influence of thymus
  3. Basis of cellular immunity
  4. Also called T lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are T cells and B cells primarily found

A

in blood and lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do T cells respond to

A

They respond to antigens by way of receptors on their surface called (TCRs) T cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can contact with an antigen complimentary to a TCR cause

A

It can cause certain T cells to make and secrete cytokines rather than antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Immunogens

A

Antigens that cause a highly specific response, resulting in the production of antibodies that are capable of recognizing the antigen (humoral immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What components make up an antigen

A

Proteins or large saccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are antigenic components

A

Components of invading microbes such as capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbriae, bacterial toxins, coats of viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the specific regions on antigens that antibodies interact with

A

Epitopes or antigenic determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Haptens

A
  1. Low molecular weight compounds
  2. Too small to provoke immune response
  3. Often not antigenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule (Hapten-carrier conjugate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the recognizable antigens on pathogenic bacteria called

A

Pathogenic Associated Molecular Patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a well known receptor that recognizes PAMPs

A

Toll-like receptor (TLRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antibodies

A

Globulin proteins or immunoglobulins made in response to an antigen, can recognize it and bind to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many antigen-binding sites does an antibody have

A

At least 2 sites that bind to epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Valence

A

The number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bivalent

A

antibodies that have 2 binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Monomer

A

The simplest molecular structure such as a bivalent antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure of a typical antibody monomer

A
  1. Four protein chains forming a Y shape: 2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains, joined by disulfide links
  2. (V) Variable regions are the 2 sections at end of Y’s arms
  3. (Fc) Constant region is the stem, which is identical for a particular Ig class
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What part of the antibody do epitopes bind to

A

Variable regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the different Ig classes

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

IgG Antibodies

A
  1. Monomer
  2. 80% of all antibodies in serum
  3. In blood, lymph, and intestines
  4. Cross placenta: passive immunity
  5. Protect against bacteria, viruses, enhance effectiveness of phagocytes, neutralize bacterial toxins, trigger complement system
  6. Half life 23 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

IgM Antibodies

A
  1. Pentamer, 10 binding sites
  2. 5-10% of all serum antibodies i
  3. Remain in blood vessels without entering surrounding tissues: blood, lymph, on B cells
  4. Agglutinates microbes
  5. Responds to ABO type antigens
  6. First in response to a primary infection
  7. Half-life 5 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the detection of IgG antibodies against a pathogen mean

A

Immunity was acquired in the more distant past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the detection of IgM antibodies against a pathogen mean

A

A high concentration would indicate that the pathogen observed is causing the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

IgA Antibodies

A
  1. Dimer
  2. 10-15% of serum antibodies
  3. In secretions; mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk: colostrum
  4. Mucosal protection: prevents attachment of microbial pathogens
  5. Half-life 6 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

IgD Antibodies

A
  1. Monomer
  2. 0.2% of serum antibodies
  3. In blood, lymph, and on B cells: initiate immune response
  4. Half-life 3 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

IgE Antibodies

A
  1. Monomer
  2. 0.002% of serum antibodies
  3. On mast cells, basophils, in blood
  4. Allergic reactions, releases histamines and other chemical mediators
  5. Attracts complement and phagocytic cells; lysis of parasitic worms
  6. Half-life 2 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the humoral response

A

It is an antibody-mediated response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What group of cells produce antibodies

A

Lymphocytes called B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What starts the production of antibodies

A

When B cells are exposed to free or extracellular, antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does each B cell carry on their surface

A

Immunoglobulins that bind to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When does the B cell become activated

A

When a B cells immunoglobulin binds to the epitope for which they are specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does an activated B cell undergo

A

Clonal expansion or proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which cell assistance is usually required by B cells to undergo clonal expansion

A

T helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

An antigen that requires a T helper cell for antibody production is called

A

T-dependent antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

T helper cell

A

contacts the displayed antigen fragment (MCH II) and releases cytokines that activate B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are T-dependent antigens

A

Mainly proteins , such as those found on viruses, bacteria, foreign RBCs, haptens with carrier molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

genes that encode molecules on the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Class I MHC

A

A collection of genes that encode molecules of genetically diverse glycoproteins that are found on the plasma membranes of mammalian nucleated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of cells do class MHC I identify

A

self vs non self; this class identifies the host and prevents immune system from making antibodies that would be harmful to the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

MCH class II

A

Are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells such as B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Steps involved in activation of B cells to produce Antibodies

A
  1. APC receptors on B cell recognize and attach to antigens
  2. Antigen is internalized and processed, within the B cell a fragment of the antigen combines with MCH II
  3. MHC II antigen-fragment complex is displayed on B cell surface
  4. The helper T cell recognizes this and secretes cytokines, activating B cell
  5. B cell is activated and begins clonal expansion, producing antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells
49
Q

What are memory cells responsible for

A

they are long lived and are responsible for the enhanced secondary response to a specific antigen

50
Q

What is clonal selection

A

The differentiation of B cells into memory and plasma cells

51
Q

Clonal deletion

A

The elimination by apoptosis of harmful B cells that have receptors for self antigens, occurs at immature lymphocyte stage in bone marrow and thymus

52
Q

T-independent antigens

A
  1. Antigens that stimulate B cells directly without the help of T cells
  2. Provoke a weak response, usually producing only IgM
  3. No memory cells generated
53
Q

What do plasma cells secrete

A

antibodies into circulation

54
Q

Recognition of self vs nonself

A
  1. Self is normal host and non self are foreign substances
  2. The clonal selection hypothesis and clonal deletion hypothesis
  3. This mechanism removes lymphocytes that can destroy host tissues and thereby creates tolerance for self
55
Q

Immunology

A

the study of immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents and toxins

56
Q

What type of antigens do children under the age of 2 normally have

A

T-independent antigens

57
Q

What develops when an encounter between an antibody and its specific antigen occurs

A

antigen-antibody complex

58
Q

What results from antigen-antibody binding

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. opsonization
  3. neutralization
  4. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  5. Activation of complement
59
Q

Agglutination

A

the aggregation and clumping together of cells for easier digestion by phagocytes

60
Q

Opsonization

A

coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

61
Q

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

Antibodies attach to target cell and cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

62
Q

Neutralization

A

Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin

63
Q

Activation of complement system

A

Triggered by either IgG or IgM, causes inflammation and cell lysis

64
Q

Antibody titer

A

is the amount of Antibody in serum, reflects intensity of antibody-mediated humoral response

65
Q

Primary response

A

occurs after initial contact with antigen, first is IgG

66
Q

Secondary response

A

(memory or anamnestic) Occurs after second exposure, when antigen recognized by memory cells enters the blood

67
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that can occur as a result of a primary response

A
  1. B cells activate by binding antigen, proliferation, and forming plasma cells, no memory cells (T-indep ant)
  2. B cells become APCs and memory cells are formed (T-dep ant)
68
Q

T cells

A
  1. Has specificity for a particular antigen
  2. Have (TCRs) T-cell receptors instead of Ig
  3. Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
  4. Mature in thymus
  5. Located in blood, lymphatic system and tissues
69
Q

Thymic selection

A
  1. Elimination of an immature T cells that do not recognize self molecules
  2. Happens in thymus
  3. Prevents body from attacking own tissues
70
Q

Gateway cells? Where are they located?

A
  1. microfold cells (M cells)

2. Peyer’s patches and under epithelial-cell layer in intestinal wall

71
Q

Function of microfold cells

A

A secondary lymphoid organ that has adapted to take up antigens from intestinal tract and allow transfer to lymphocytes and APCs of immune system

72
Q

What is the most abundant kind of antibodies that are formed in the Peyer’s patches

A

IgA, essential for mucosal immunity

73
Q

What kind of immune cells are located on Peyer’s patch

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

74
Q

In what other tract are M cells seen

A

respiratory tract

75
Q

Antigenic-Presenting Cells

A

cells that digest antigens and break them down into small peptides, and present these antigenic fragments on their surface with a molecule of MHC

76
Q

What cells are considered APCs

A

B cells, Dendritic cells, Activated macrophages

77
Q

A T cytotoxic cell can differentiate into..

A

an effector cell called a cytotoxic T lymphocyte

78
Q

T cells are classified by certain glycoproteins on surface, what is this called?

A

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

79
Q

What are CDs used for

A

these membrane molecules are important for adhesion to receptors

80
Q

What are the CDs of greatest interest and what cells carry them

A
  1. CD4 and CD8

2. CD4+, CD8+

81
Q

How are Helper T cells classified and what do they bind to

A
  1. CD4

2. Bind to MHC class II, on B cells and APCs

82
Q

How are T cytotoxic Cells classified and what do they bind to

A
  1. CD8

2. MHC class I

83
Q

What is the initial signal for CD4+ T cell activation

A

its T-cell receptor recognizes an antigen and MHC II on APC

84
Q

What is the secondary signal for CD4+ T cell

A

Toll like receptors are a costimulatory signal, present on the APC and the T helper cell

85
Q

Activation of T helper cell causes

A
  1. Differentiation into subsets: TH1, TH2, TH17, and long lived memory cells
  2. cytokines
86
Q

What do TH 1 produce

A

IFN-y, which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and antibodies–> *phagocytosis, * complement

87
Q

What do TH 2 produce

A

activate eosinophils and B cells to produce antibodies, especially IgE

88
Q

What do TH 17 produce

A

large quantities of cytokine IL-17, situated in skin and lining of GI tract, stimulate innate system

89
Q

CD8 or T cytotoxic cells are activated into

A

CTLs; cytotoxic T lymphocytes

90
Q

The target cells of CTLs are

A

self-cells that have been altered by infection, carrying fragments of endogenous antigens in combination with MHC I

91
Q

What do target cells carrying endogenous antigens normally include

A

viral, parasitic, tumor cells, transplanted foreign tissue

92
Q

Can CTLs attack any cell

A

only MHC , class I, these are nucleated cells, so any host cell that has been altered

93
Q

What CTL release after it attaches to target cell

A
  1. pore-forming protein–> similar action to complement membrane attack complex
  2. perforin
  3. Granzymes: proteases that induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)
94
Q

Apoptosis

A

genomes are cut into fragments, external membranes bulge outward (blebbing), signal on surface attract phagocytes

95
Q

Cells associated with cellular immunity

A

T cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages

96
Q

T regulatory cells

A
  1. T reg cells, CD4 and CD25 on surface
  2. Suppress T cells against self immunity
  3. form memory cells on skin and around hair follicles, maintain microbiome, protects baby in womb
97
Q

NK cells

A
  1. Granular leukocytes that destroy cells that do not express MHC I or express it in small amounts
  2. Kill viruses-infected host cells and tumor cells
  3. Attack parasites
98
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

99
Q

Overproduction of cytokines causes

A

cytokine storm

100
Q

Interleukin-1

A

(IL-1) stimulates Helper T cells in presence of antigens, attracts phagocytes

101
Q

Interleukin-2

A

(IL-2) proliferation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T helper cells, proliferation and differentiation of B cells; activation of CD8+ T cells and NK cells

102
Q

Interleukin-12

A

(IL-12) inhibits humoral immunity; activates

TH 1 cellular immunity

103
Q

Natural Immunity

A

acquired adaptive immunity most often obtained by having a specific disease, through exposure

104
Q

Artificial immunity

A

acquired adaptive immunity obtained by receiving an antigen by injection of vaccine or immune serum, immune response without disease

105
Q

Active immunity

A
  1. Natural exposure to infectious agent; infection

2. Artificial immunization; injections Ag (immunization)

106
Q

Passive immunity

A

Ready made antibodies

  1. Natural maternal antibodies; transplacental, colostrum
  2. Artificial antibodies from other sources; injection antibodies (immunoglobulins)
107
Q

Vaccine

A

a substance that contains an antigen to which the immune system responds

108
Q

toxoid

A

an inactivated toxin that is no longer harmful, but retains its antigenic properties

109
Q

recommend vaccinations

A
  1. DTap, toxoid-d/taxoid-t/acellular-p
  2. Polio vaccine
  3. MMR, live virus
110
Q

Cellular immunity

A
  1. produces T lymphocytes

2. T cell receptors

111
Q

T lymphocytes

A

recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cell

112
Q

TCRs

A

on T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

113
Q

ILs

A

cytokines between leukocytes

114
Q

Chemokines

A

induce migration of WBCs–. inflammation, phagocytes

115
Q

Interferons

A

interfere with viral infections of host cells

116
Q

TNF-a

A

tumor necrosis factor alpha; involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

117
Q

Hematopoietic cytokines

A

control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

118
Q

BCR

A

B cell receptor: a type of antibody that can attach to harmful organism to destroy it

Microbiology LECTURE (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions