Ch. 1 Ch.3 Ch.10 Ch.4 Flashcards
Microbial world, Microorganisms thru microscope, Classifications of microorganisms, Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells
1
Q
What are microbes
A
Aka microorganisms
Small living things, too small to see with the naked eye
2
Q
What are the different types of microbes
A
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, noncellular entities
3
Q
How do microbes effect our lives
A
They help maintain balance of living organisms and chemicals in the environment and can be used for commercial applications
4
Q
What are some examples of how microbes help us and our environment
A
- Marine and freshwater microorganisms form basis of food chain on oceans, lakes, and rivers
- In the soil they breakdown wastes, incorporate nitrogen gas from air into organic compounds. In other words, they recycle between soil, water, life, and air.
- Photosynthesis of plants helps generate oxygen and food.
- Intestinal microbes help with digestion and the synthesis of vitamins in the body
5
Q
What are some commercial applications of microbes
A
- The synthesis of vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and drugs
- Chemicals such as acetone, butanol
- Food industry such as vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt, bread, Ethanol, soy sauce
- Enzymes from microbes can be used to produce substances they normally don’t synthesize
6
Q
What are enzymes of microbes used for in everyday life
A
As digestive aids, drain cleaner, jeans, therapeutic substances such as insulin, cellulose can be used to produce linen, paper, or explosives
7
Q
When was Nomenclature established and by who
A
1735, by Carolus
8
Q
How is Nomenclature used for microorganisms
A
The scientific naming of organisms are latinized and have 2 names;
- a Genus (first name) and
- specific epithet (species name, follows).
- The scientific names can
a. Describe organism
b. Honor researcher
c. Or identity habitat of species
9
Q
Bacterium characteristics
A
- Relatively simple, single celled(unicellular) organisms. Smaller than Eukaryotes.
- They are prokaryotes: genetic material not enclosed in special nuclear membrane/ no nucleus.
- They have peptidoglycan cell walls
- Reproduction by binary fission; asexual
- Nutrition: heterotrophs and autotrophs
- Mobility: no cilia, some swim by flagella
10
Q
Prokaryotes
A
- Bacteria
2. Archaea
11
Q
Nutrition of bacteria
A
- Organic chemicals derived from dead or living organisms
- Some make own food by photosynthesis
- Some make food from inorganic substances
12
Q
Bacterial cell shapes
A
- Bacillus–> rodlike
- Coccus–> spherical or ovoid
- Spiral–> corkscrew or curved
- Star shaped or square
13
Q
Individual bacteria form
A
- Pairs
- Chains
- Clusters
- Other groups chatacteristic of genus or species
14
Q
What is peptidoglycan made of
A
Carbohydrates and protein complex. It makes up the bacterial cell wall that encloses bacteria.
15
Q
Archaea characteristics
A
- Prokaryotic cells
- Lack peptidoglycan
- Found on extreme environments
- Not known to be disease causing to humans
16
Q
What are the 3 main groups of archaeaic organisms
A
- Methanogen
- Extreme halophiles
- Extreme thermophiles
17
Q
Methanogens
A
These organisms are anaerobic. They make methane gas as a waste byproduct from respiration. It can be used as biofuel.
18
Q
Extreme halophiles
A
Salt loving organisms that live in extremely salty environments up to 16% salt content. Examples are Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea
19
Q
Extreme thermophiles
A
Organisms that live in hot sulfurous (acidic) water or in high temperature environments. Examples are Hot Springs, volcanic areas
20
Q
Fungi characteristics
A
- Eukaryotes
- Unicellular yeasts
- Or most are multicellular
- Cell walls made of chitin
- Use organic chemicals for energy: heterotrophs, cannot make own food
- Opportunistic pathogens
- Reproduction: asexual and sexual
21
Q
Which fungi are multicellular
A
Molds, mushrooms
22
Q
Multicellular fungi look like ______________, but unlike plants, cannot carry out _______________.
A
Plants
Photosynthesis
23
Q
What do unicellular fungi look like
A
Oval, larger than bacteria
24
Q
Different fungi
A
- Mushrooms
- Molds
- Yeast
25
Multicellular fungi consist of masses called ____________, which are composed of long filaments called _________ that branch and intertwine.
Mycelia
| Hyphae
26
What is mycelia
Cottony growths, grow on bread and fruit
27
Where do fungi get their nutrition
Absorb solutions of organic material from environment such as soil, seawater, freshwater, animal or plant host
28
Slime molds are characteristic of
Fungi and amoebas
29
Protozoa characteristics
1. Unicellular eukaryotic microbes
2. Mobility: psuedopods, flagella, cilia
3. Nutrition: absorb and ingest organic compounds from environment (heterotrophs)
4. Reproduce sexually or asexually
5. Live as free entities or parasites
30
Euglena
A protozoan that uses photosynthesis. It uses light as a source of energy and CO2 as main sour6of carbon to produce sugars
31
Algae characteristics
1. Unicellular and multicellular
2. Photosynthetic eukaryotes
3. Do not require organic compounds from environment
4. Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
5. Reproduce sexually and asexually
6. Come in wide variety of shapes
7. Cell walls are made of carbohydrates called cellulose
32
Where are algae abundant
In freshwater, saltwater, soil, in association with plants
33
What do algae require for photosynthesis
Light, water, CO2 for food production and growth
34
Photosynthesis from algae results in
Algae produce 02 and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms, including animals
35
Viruses
1. Acellular
2. Consist of either DNA or RNA core, not both
3. Not visible by naked eye
4. Core is surrounded by a protein coat, may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
5. Reproduce by using cellular machinery of host---> by replicating
36
What does it mean when viruses are " living "
When they are in a host they have the ability to multiply. This is when they are active. They can only grow inside a host that makes ATP
37
What does it mean when a virus is "not living"
They are not living or inert outside a living host
38
What organisms do viruses have the ability to infect
Animals, plants, and bacteria. Bacterial viruses are used to kill bacteria.
39
Obligate intracellular parasite
Cannot reproduce outside host. Their reproduction is reliant on intracellular resources.
40
Describe the structure of a virus
Simple core,1 type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein coat, sometimes enclosed by lipid membrane or envelope
41
Multicellular Animal Parasites
1. Not strictly microbes
2. Eukaryotes
3. Parasitic worms
4. Microscopic stages in life cycles
42
Parasitic worms--> helminths
1. Flatworms
2. Roundworm
3. Helminths: microscopic during certain stages of life
43
Prions
Proteininaceous infectious particle cause diseases. Not very common. Very resistant. Not found in environment. Found normally in the body, most abundant the brain. Infected by eating infected brain.
44
What kind of diseases do prions cause
1. Creutzfelst Jakob Disease (CJD)-> neurological breakdown
2. Varient Creutzfelst Jakob Disease (vCJD)
3. Getstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome
4. Kuru
5. Mad cow disease: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
6. Scrapie
45
Who devised a classification of microorganisms based on cellular organization if organisms
Carl Woese in 1978
46
What are the classifications of organisms based on cellular organization
Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
47
What are the cell wall differences in the organisms of the 3 different domains
Bacteria have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, archaea have a cell wall that lack peptidoglycan (fake peptidoglycan), eukaryotes: few have cell walls that can range in material based on kingdom
48
What are the different Eukaryotes
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
49
What are examples of protists
Slime molds, protozoa, algae
50
What are the 5 kingdoms
1. Protists, algae
2. Fungi
3. Plants
4. Animals
5. Monera: bacteria and archae bacteria
51
What where the first observations in microbiology
1. Robert Hooke 1665 "little boxes, "cells
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1673-1723 "animalcules" or "beasties" first microorganisms found under microscope from rainwater, feces,teeth
52
What is spontaneous generation
The belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter
53
What are examples of spontaneous generation
Toads, snakes, mice born from wet soil or damp areas. Or flies come from manure or decaying wet soil.
54
Francesco Redi
1668 experiment where maggots did not arise from decaying meat spontaneously. Effort to disprove spontaneous generation .
55
John Needham on spontaneous generation
1745 heated nutrient fluids, believed microbes developed when cooled. For spontaneous generation
56
Lazzaro Spallanzani on spontaneous generation
In 1765 ran an experiment similar to Needhams. His experiment was sealed after boiling and showed no growth of microbes. Spallanzani believed Needham's experiment was contaminated by air while the fluid was being cooled.
57
Why did Antoun Laurent discredit Spallanzani's experiment
Because the fluid was covered after boiling and it was missing the "vital force"; oxygen.
58
Who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation and when?
In 1858 Rudolph Virchow with the concept of biogenesis, but he had no scientific proof so spontaneous generation continued to be a belief.
59
What is biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
60
How long did the belief of spontaneous generation continue and who disproved it
Until 1861
| Louis Pasteur
61
What was Louis Pasteur experiment that disproved spontaneous generation
Experiment with short neck flask with beed broth heated, cooled with open and closed lids, open ended long necked flasks and berm necks into S shaped.
Results showed microorganisms in air, solids, liquids. Heat destroys microbial life, S shaped flask not contaminated broth. S shaped flask trapped airborne microorganisms
Demonstrated microorganisms in air can contaminate sterile solutions but air itself does not create microbes
62
What was the basis for aseptic technique
Pasteur's experiment with the s shaped flask
63
What did Pasteur's experiment prove
That microbes are present in non living matter such as air, liquid, and solids
64
What was the experiment that Pasteur performed to disprove spontaneous generation
1. 1st he poured be broth that contained microorganisms into a long necked flask
2. Next he heated the neck of the flask and bent it into an S shape, then he boiled the broth for several minutes
3. Microorganisms did not appear in the cooled solution even after long periods.
4. The bend prevented microbes from entering the flask
65
When was the Golden Age of Microbiology
1858 to 1914
66
What was discovered during the Golden Age of Microbiology
1. Fermentation and Pasteurization
2. Germ Theory of disease
3. Koch's postulates
67
What is the fermentation process that Pasteur looked into during the Golden Age
The fermentation of sugar into alcohol. Microorganisms called yeast convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. In the prescence of air bacteria change alcohol into vinegar, causing souring and spoilage.
68
What was Pasteur's solution to the spoilage of wine and beer
Pasteurization; to heat beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused spoilage.
69
What major step did Pasteur's discovery of the spoilage of alcohol lead to
The connection between food spoilage and microorganisms was the beginning of establishing a relationship between disease and microbes. It showed there was a link between activity of microorganisms and physical and chemical changes in organic material.
70
What is germ theory
The possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals, specifically that microorganisms might be disease causing.
71
Robert Hooke
1665 first observations of cells
72
1673 to 1723
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Letters to Royal society of London
Animalcules or beesties seen through single lens microscope
From rainwater, teeth scraping, feces
73
Spontaneous generation
Abiogenesis, Living organisms arising from non living matter
74
How long did the belief of spontaneous generation last
Late 1861
75
Golden age
1857 to 1914
76
Who contributed to formation of cell theory
Rudolf Virchow, Matthias Scheilden and Theodor Schwann
77
Francisco Redi
1668
Biogenesis
Maggots did not arise from decaying meat
78
John Needham
1745
Spontaneous generation
Microbes developed when broth cooled
79
Lazarro Spallanzani
1765
Biogenesis
Sealed container when cooling
Believed Needham's experiment was contaminated by air
80
Rudolf Virchow
1858
Beleived in Biogenesis
No scientific proof
81
Biogenesis
Living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
82
Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation
```
1861
S shaped neck flask experiment
Microorganisms in non living matter
Heat destroys microbial life
Basis for aseptic techniques
```
83
Schulze and Schwann
1850 treated air with heat and chemicals
| Many believed 02 burned
84
Schroeder and von Dusch
1854 filtered air with cotton plug
85
John Tyndall
1877
| Existence of heat resistant endospores and method of fractional sterilization
86
Louis Jablot
2 broth infusions
1 open flask showed growth
1 closed flask showed no growth
87
Agostino Bassi
1835 silkworm disease caused by fungus
88
Ignaz Semmelweiss
Adovocated for washing hands to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from 1 patient to another
89
Robert Koch
1876 Proved germ theory of disease using Koch's postulates
90
Louis Pasteur discoveries
Microbes responsible for fermentation
Microbes responsible for food spoilage
Bacteria responsible for spoilage of wine to vinegar
91
Discoveries during Golden Age
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Germ theory of disease
Vaccination
92
What disease was used in Koch's postulates
Anthrax and cattle
93
Koch's postulates
1. Micro organisms are isolated from a dead animal
2. The micro organisms are grown in pure culture
3. Micro organisms are studied and identified
4. Micro organisms are injected into a healthy and susceptible animal
5. Diseases reproduced and 2nd animal
6. Micro organisms are isolated from this animal
7. Pathogenic micro organisms are grown in pure culture
8. Identical micro organisms are attentive fire
* Can use this to prove maturity of disease
94
Joseph Lister
Proved microbes caused surgical wound infections
Aseptic surgery
Use of phenol to kill bacteria
Was used to treat surgical wounds
95
Edward Jenner
Discovered small pox vaccine
96
1880 Pasteur
Discovered why vaccines work:
1. Loss of virulence --> growth in lab for lung periods
2. Decreased virulence -->other microorganisms induce immunity against subsequent infections infextions(memory cells)
97
Charles Chamberland
1879 chicken cholera vaccine
98
Paul Elrich
Search for magic bullet
1910 chemotherapeutic agents
Arsenic Salvarsan to kill syphilis
99
Alexander Fleming
1928 accidentally discovered PCN
100
When was PCN mass produced
1940s
101
Dimitri Iwanoski
Tobacco mosaic virus
102
Oswald Avery, Macloid and McCartey
.DNA hereditary
103
James Watson and Francoise Crick
Model for DNA replication
104
Bioremidiation
Bacteria used to break down forget rid of toxic waste or pollutants
105
Examples of bioremidiation
Toxins removed from underground wells, chemical spills,toxic waste sites, oil spills, chemical spills
Enzymes for things like drain cleaner
