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Microbiology LECTURE > Ch. 1 Ch.3 Ch.10 Ch.4 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Ch.3 Ch.10 Ch.4 Flashcards

Microbial world, Microorganisms thru microscope, Classifications of microorganisms, Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells

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1
Q

What are microbes

A

Aka microorganisms

Small living things, too small to see with the naked eye

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2
Q

What are the different types of microbes

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, noncellular entities

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3
Q

How do microbes effect our lives

A

They help maintain balance of living organisms and chemicals in the environment and can be used for commercial applications

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4
Q

What are some examples of how microbes help us and our environment

A
  1. Marine and freshwater microorganisms form basis of food chain on oceans, lakes, and rivers
  2. In the soil they breakdown wastes, incorporate nitrogen gas from air into organic compounds. In other words, they recycle between soil, water, life, and air.
  3. Photosynthesis of plants helps generate oxygen and food.
  4. Intestinal microbes help with digestion and the synthesis of vitamins in the body
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5
Q

What are some commercial applications of microbes

A
  1. The synthesis of vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and drugs
  2. Chemicals such as acetone, butanol
  3. Food industry such as vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt, bread, Ethanol, soy sauce
  4. Enzymes from microbes can be used to produce substances they normally don’t synthesize
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6
Q

What are enzymes of microbes used for in everyday life

A

As digestive aids, drain cleaner, jeans, therapeutic substances such as insulin, cellulose can be used to produce linen, paper, or explosives

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7
Q

When was Nomenclature established and by who

A

1735, by Carolus

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8
Q

How is Nomenclature used for microorganisms

A

The scientific naming of organisms are latinized and have 2 names;

  1. a Genus (first name) and
  2. specific epithet (species name, follows).
  3. The scientific names can
    a. Describe organism
    b. Honor researcher
    c. Or identity habitat of species
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9
Q

Bacterium characteristics

A
  1. Relatively simple, single celled(unicellular) organisms. Smaller than Eukaryotes.
  2. They are prokaryotes: genetic material not enclosed in special nuclear membrane/ no nucleus.
  3. They have peptidoglycan cell walls
  4. Reproduction by binary fission; asexual
  5. Nutrition: heterotrophs and autotrophs
  6. Mobility: no cilia, some swim by flagella
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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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11
Q

Nutrition of bacteria

A
  1. Organic chemicals derived from dead or living organisms
  2. Some make own food by photosynthesis
  3. Some make food from inorganic substances
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12
Q

Bacterial cell shapes

A
  1. Bacillus–> rodlike
  2. Coccus–> spherical or ovoid
  3. Spiral–> corkscrew or curved
  4. Star shaped or square
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13
Q

Individual bacteria form

A
  1. Pairs
  2. Chains
  3. Clusters
  4. Other groups chatacteristic of genus or species
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14
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of

A

Carbohydrates and protein complex. It makes up the bacterial cell wall that encloses bacteria.

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15
Q

Archaea characteristics

A
  1. Prokaryotic cells
  2. Lack peptidoglycan
  3. Found on extreme environments
  4. Not known to be disease causing to humans
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16
Q

What are the 3 main groups of archaeaic organisms

A
  1. Methanogen
  2. Extreme halophiles
  3. Extreme thermophiles
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17
Q

Methanogens

A

These organisms are anaerobic. They make methane gas as a waste byproduct from respiration. It can be used as biofuel.

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18
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Salt loving organisms that live in extremely salty environments up to 16% salt content. Examples are Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea

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19
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Organisms that live in hot sulfurous (acidic) water or in high temperature environments. Examples are Hot Springs, volcanic areas

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20
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Unicellular yeasts
  3. Or most are multicellular
  4. Cell walls made of chitin
  5. Use organic chemicals for energy: heterotrophs, cannot make own food
  6. Opportunistic pathogens
  7. Reproduction: asexual and sexual
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21
Q

Which fungi are multicellular

A

Molds, mushrooms

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22
Q

Multicellular fungi look like ______________, but unlike plants, cannot carry out _______________.

A

Plants

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

What do unicellular fungi look like

A

Oval, larger than bacteria

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24
Q

Different fungi

A
  1. Mushrooms
  2. Molds
  3. Yeast
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25
Q

Multicellular fungi consist of masses called ____________, which are composed of long filaments called _________ that branch and intertwine.

A

Mycelia

Hyphae

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26
Q

What is mycelia

A

Cottony growths, grow on bread and fruit

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27
Q

Where do fungi get their nutrition

A

Absorb solutions of organic material from environment such as soil, seawater, freshwater, animal or plant host

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28
Q

Slime molds are characteristic of

A

Fungi and amoebas

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29
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A
  1. Unicellular eukaryotic microbes
  2. Mobility: psuedopods, flagella, cilia
  3. Nutrition: absorb and ingest organic compounds from environment (heterotrophs)
  4. Reproduce sexually or asexually
  5. Live as free entities or parasites
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30
Q

Euglena

A

A protozoan that uses photosynthesis. It uses light as a source of energy and CO2 as main sour6of carbon to produce sugars

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31
Q

Algae characteristics

A
  1. Unicellular and multicellular
  2. Photosynthetic eukaryotes
  3. Do not require organic compounds from environment
  4. Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
  5. Reproduce sexually and asexually
  6. Come in wide variety of shapes
  7. Cell walls are made of carbohydrates called cellulose
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32
Q

Where are algae abundant

A

In freshwater, saltwater, soil, in association with plants

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33
Q

What do algae require for photosynthesis

A

Light, water, CO2 for food production and growth

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34
Q

Photosynthesis from algae results in

A

Algae produce 02 and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms, including animals

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35
Q

Viruses

A
  1. Acellular
  2. Consist of either DNA or RNA core, not both
  3. Not visible by naked eye
  4. Core is surrounded by a protein coat, may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
  5. Reproduce by using cellular machinery of host—> by replicating
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36
Q

What does it mean when viruses are “ living “

A

When they are in a host they have the ability to multiply. This is when they are active. They can only grow inside a host that makes ATP

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37
Q

What does it mean when a virus is “not living”

A

They are not living or inert outside a living host

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38
Q

What organisms do viruses have the ability to infect

A

Animals, plants, and bacteria. Bacterial viruses are used to kill bacteria.

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39
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Cannot reproduce outside host. Their reproduction is reliant on intracellular resources.

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40
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

Simple core,1 type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein coat, sometimes enclosed by lipid membrane or envelope

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41
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites

A
  1. Not strictly microbes
  2. Eukaryotes
  3. Parasitic worms
  4. Microscopic stages in life cycles
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42
Q

Parasitic worms–> helminths

A
  1. Flatworms
  2. Roundworm
  3. Helminths: microscopic during certain stages of life
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43
Q

Prions

A

Proteininaceous infectious particle cause diseases. Not very common. Very resistant. Not found in environment. Found normally in the body, most abundant the brain. Infected by eating infected brain.

44
Q

What kind of diseases do prions cause

A
  1. Creutzfelst Jakob Disease (CJD)-> neurological breakdown
  2. Varient Creutzfelst Jakob Disease (vCJD)
  3. Getstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome
  4. Kuru
  5. Mad cow disease: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  6. Scrapie
45
Q

Who devised a classification of microorganisms based on cellular organization if organisms

A

Carl Woese in 1978

46
Q

What are the classifications of organisms based on cellular organization

A

Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

47
Q

What are the cell wall differences in the organisms of the 3 different domains

A

Bacteria have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, archaea have a cell wall that lack peptidoglycan (fake peptidoglycan), eukaryotes: few have cell walls that can range in material based on kingdom

48
Q

What are the different Eukaryotes

A

Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

49
Q

What are examples of protists

A

Slime molds, protozoa, algae

50
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A
  1. Protists, algae
  2. Fungi
  3. Plants
  4. Animals
  5. Monera: bacteria and archae bacteria
51
Q

What where the first observations in microbiology

A
  1. Robert Hooke 1665 “little boxes, “cells
  2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1673-1723 “animalcules” or “beasties” first microorganisms found under microscope from rainwater, feces,teeth
52
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

The belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter

53
Q

What are examples of spontaneous generation

A

Toads, snakes, mice born from wet soil or damp areas. Or flies come from manure or decaying wet soil.

54
Q

Francesco Redi

A

1668 experiment where maggots did not arise from decaying meat spontaneously. Effort to disprove spontaneous generation .

55
Q

John Needham on spontaneous generation

A

1745 heated nutrient fluids, believed microbes developed when cooled. For spontaneous generation

56
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani on spontaneous generation

A

In 1765 ran an experiment similar to Needhams. His experiment was sealed after boiling and showed no growth of microbes. Spallanzani believed Needham’s experiment was contaminated by air while the fluid was being cooled.

57
Q

Why did Antoun Laurent discredit Spallanzani’s experiment

A

Because the fluid was covered after boiling and it was missing the “vital force”; oxygen.

58
Q

Who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation and when?

A

In 1858 Rudolph Virchow with the concept of biogenesis, but he had no scientific proof so spontaneous generation continued to be a belief.

59
Q

What is biogenesis

A

Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

60
Q

How long did the belief of spontaneous generation continue and who disproved it

A

Until 1861

Louis Pasteur

61
Q

What was Louis Pasteur experiment that disproved spontaneous generation

A

Experiment with short neck flask with beed broth heated, cooled with open and closed lids, open ended long necked flasks and berm necks into S shaped.
Results showed microorganisms in air, solids, liquids. Heat destroys microbial life, S shaped flask not contaminated broth. S shaped flask trapped airborne microorganisms
Demonstrated microorganisms in air can contaminate sterile solutions but air itself does not create microbes

62
Q

What was the basis for aseptic technique

A

Pasteur’s experiment with the s shaped flask

63
Q

What did Pasteur’s experiment prove

A

That microbes are present in non living matter such as air, liquid, and solids

64
Q

What was the experiment that Pasteur performed to disprove spontaneous generation

A
  1. 1st he poured be broth that contained microorganisms into a long necked flask
  2. Next he heated the neck of the flask and bent it into an S shape, then he boiled the broth for several minutes
  3. Microorganisms did not appear in the cooled solution even after long periods.
  4. The bend prevented microbes from entering the flask
65
Q

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1858 to 1914

66
Q

What was discovered during the Golden Age of Microbiology

A
  1. Fermentation and Pasteurization
  2. Germ Theory of disease
  3. Koch’s postulates
67
Q

What is the fermentation process that Pasteur looked into during the Golden Age

A

The fermentation of sugar into alcohol. Microorganisms called yeast convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. In the prescence of air bacteria change alcohol into vinegar, causing souring and spoilage.

68
Q

What was Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage of wine and beer

A

Pasteurization; to heat beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused spoilage.

69
Q

What major step did Pasteur’s discovery of the spoilage of alcohol lead to

A

The connection between food spoilage and microorganisms was the beginning of establishing a relationship between disease and microbes. It showed there was a link between activity of microorganisms and physical and chemical changes in organic material.

70
Q

What is germ theory

A

The possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals, specifically that microorganisms might be disease causing.

71
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665 first observations of cells

72
Q

1673 to 1723

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Letters to Royal society of London
Animalcules or beesties seen through single lens microscope
From rainwater, teeth scraping, feces

73
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Abiogenesis, Living organisms arising from non living matter

74
Q

How long did the belief of spontaneous generation last

A

Late 1861

75
Q

Golden age

A

1857 to 1914

76
Q

Who contributed to formation of cell theory

A

Rudolf Virchow, Matthias Scheilden and Theodor Schwann

77
Q

Francisco Redi

A

1668
Biogenesis
Maggots did not arise from decaying meat

78
Q

John Needham

A

1745
Spontaneous generation
Microbes developed when broth cooled

79
Q

Lazarro Spallanzani

A

1765
Biogenesis
Sealed container when cooling
Believed Needham’s experiment was contaminated by air

80
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

1858
Beleived in Biogenesis
No scientific proof

81
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

82
Q

Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation

A 
1861
S shaped neck flask experiment 
Microorganisms in non living matter 
Heat destroys microbial life 
Basis for aseptic techniques
83
Q

Schulze and Schwann

A

1850 treated air with heat and chemicals

Many believed 02 burned

84
Q

Schroeder and von Dusch

A

1854 filtered air with cotton plug

85
Q

John Tyndall

A

1877

Existence of heat resistant endospores and method of fractional sterilization

86
Q

Louis Jablot

A

2 broth infusions
1 open flask showed growth
1 closed flask showed no growth

87
Q

Agostino Bassi

A

1835 silkworm disease caused by fungus

88
Q

Ignaz Semmelweiss

A

Adovocated for washing hands to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from 1 patient to another

89
Q

Robert Koch

A

1876 Proved germ theory of disease using Koch’s postulates

90
Q

Louis Pasteur discoveries

A

Microbes responsible for fermentation
Microbes responsible for food spoilage
Bacteria responsible for spoilage of wine to vinegar

91
Q

Discoveries during Golden Age

A

Fermentation and Pasteurization
Germ theory of disease
Vaccination

92
Q

What disease was used in Koch’s postulates

A

Anthrax and cattle

93
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Micro organisms are isolated from a dead animal
  2. The micro organisms are grown in pure culture
  3. Micro organisms are studied and identified
  4. Micro organisms are injected into a healthy and susceptible animal
  5. Diseases reproduced and 2nd animal
  6. Micro organisms are isolated from this animal
  7. Pathogenic micro organisms are grown in pure culture
  8. Identical micro organisms are attentive fire
    * Can use this to prove maturity of disease
94
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Proved microbes caused surgical wound infections
Aseptic surgery
Use of phenol to kill bacteria
Was used to treat surgical wounds

95
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Discovered small pox vaccine

96
Q

1880 Pasteur

A

Discovered why vaccines work:

  1. Loss of virulence –> growth in lab for lung periods
  2. Decreased virulence –>other microorganisms induce immunity against subsequent infections infextions(memory cells)
97
Q

Charles Chamberland

A

1879 chicken cholera vaccine

98
Q

Paul Elrich

A

Search for magic bullet
1910 chemotherapeutic agents
Arsenic Salvarsan to kill syphilis

99
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

1928 accidentally discovered PCN

100
Q

When was PCN mass produced

A

1940s

101
Q

Dimitri Iwanoski

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

102
Q

Oswald Avery, Macloid and McCartey

A

.DNA hereditary

103
Q

James Watson and Francoise Crick

A

Model for DNA replication

104
Q

Bioremidiation

A

Bacteria used to break down forget rid of toxic waste or pollutants

105
Q

Examples of bioremidiation

A

Toxins removed from underground wells, chemical spills,toxic waste sites, oil spills, chemical spills
Enzymes for things like drain cleaner

Microbiology LECTURE (13 decks)

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