DISEASES

Question 1

ACYANOTIC DEFECTS

Answer 1

-ASD (Atrial Septal Defect)
-VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)
-PULMONIC STENOSIS
-PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
-Coarctation of aorta

Question 2

ASD

Answer 2

-Failure of the foramen Ovale to close after birth

Question 3

ASD & VSD

Answer 3

Shunting of blood
↓
Left (Oxygenated) to Right (De-Oxygenated)
↓
R.V. Hyperthrophy
↓
RVHF
-Systemic congestion
-Pulmonary pressure

Question 4

VSD

Answer 4

AKA Eisenmenger Syndrome
VSD: Reverse shunting
Right to Left Shunting
***Cyanotic Heart Defect

Question 5

ASD & VSD

Answer 5

Dx: Echocardiogram: visualize structure of heart
MNGMNT: Surgery: Closure of septal defect
When: Before school-age (6 y.o.)

Question 6

Pulmonic stenosis

Answer 6

Narrowing of Pulmonic Valve
↓
↑Workload of Right Ventricle
↓
RV Hypertrophy
↓
RVHF

Dx:
2D Echocardiogram
MNGMNT:
Beta-blockers (-olol): Promotes pulmonary
artery dilatation
Surgery:
;Right sided cardiac catheterization AKA ;Valvotomy
;Swan-Ganz Catheter
Site: Sub-clavian

Question 7

PDA (Patent ductus Arteriosus)

Answer 7

Fetus: Ductus arteriosus
↓
Connects the descending aorta & pulmonary artery

Pulmonary symptoms:
-Cough
-Crackles (Inspiration) & Rhonchi (Expiration)

DOC: Indomethacin (Indocin); NSAIDS:
-Promotes closure of PDA

Question 8

COARCTATION OF AORTA

Answer 8

-Narrowing

S/SX:
UPPER EXTREMITIES: HIGH PRESSURE
-htn ↑ pressure
-pulse in upper extremities:
bounding + strong
-Headache

LOWER EXTREMITIES: LOW PRESSURE
-↓ Pressure
-Weak pulses —> absent pulses in:
*Femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibialis

MNGMNT:
-Balloon tip catheter
Site: Left Femoral Artery
↓
Left Sided Catheterization

Question 9

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
P-R-V-A

Answer 9

Pulmonic Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Aorta Overriding the VSD

Question 10

AORTA OVERRIDING THE VSD

Answer 10

Dx: Echocardiography
s/sx: Tet spells: Hypercyanotic episodes on crying
-Fatigue & Weakness
-Cyanotic at birth

Mngmnt:
-Oxygenation
-Warming measures
-Prevent cry: meet needs
-Tet spells:
POC: knee chest & Squatting
-Trap of deoxygenated blood ↓ extremities

SURGERY:
BLALOCK-TAUSSING PROCEDURE
-shunting the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery
↓
Increase number of oxygenated blood